Learning Reflection Essay - 1773 Words

When is comes down to it, we really don’t think too much about our brain and how it works. I know I didn’t before the introduction of this unit. But obviously we should as it is the base of our learning. Where and how we store information, how we make judgements, access information and problem solve, just to name a few. If we all looked at how complex and fantastic the human brain is, we may stop and think about the way in which we teach; perhaps have a better understanding that not all children work at the same level and that our environment can play a big part. â€Å"What we are gathering from our efforts at the moment is a knowledge that the brain is infinitely more subtle than we had previously thought, and that everyone who has what†¦show more content†¦We can do this by diet, exercise and sleep. Other factors that can impact the development of the brain are the environment, genetics and stimulation of our senses. Arthur, Beecher, Death, Dockett, Farmer (2008) examines that â€Å"much brain development happens in the prenatal period, and it is during some environmental factors – such as toxic chemicals – can be a serious consequence on that development†. Different exposures to the right experiences will enhance development. The brain undergoes through rapid change in the early years (and through later years), but particular in the first few years of life this is why as educators it is so important to create valuable learning experiences for children. â€Å"Each person will have different experiences, and t here will be different interactions between their genetic make-up and their environment, changes in the brain will be different† (Arthur et al., 2008). MY EXPERIENCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Learners play a very important role in constructing their own knowledge. There is no single theory of learning accepted by educators but rather a wide range of beliefs and theories about the process of learning. (Barry King, 1999). Cognitive theories of learning have played a powerful part in learning. Constructivists theories of cognitive development emphasise that the learner needs to build their own understanding of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting onShow MoreRelatedService Learning (Reflection)889 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst meeting â€Å"What is Service Learning†, he also informed us about the new curriculum the one they had attended at their seminar. It is all about â€Å"The Environmental Education and Information Division, DENR†. Our NSTP 2, as he said, is focusing on providing mechanism in sustaining quality in an environment. He reviewed us about Service learning. Some of us, including me, forgot about our lesson that he taught last semester. Service learning is a method of teaching, learning and reflecting, frequentlyRead MoreA Reflection in Learning1871 Words   |  8 Pagesa non-government organization serving the mentally disabled. No matter which specialty I am working in or how senior I am, I found learning being crucial for profe ssional competence, job satisfaction and personal growth. In this paper, I would like to reflect critically on my experience of learning in nursing with reference to relevant learning theories. Learning in workplace At the time when I started to work as a registered nurse in a new workplace after graduation from nursing school thereRead MoreReflection On Learning739 Words   |  3 PagesReflection and Impacts on my learning My past experience of learning to drive was extremely positive. I didn’t suffer anxiety and was able to pass my driving test. My previous driving instructor was very clear with instructions, supportive, patient and offered positive reinforcement throughout my experience. My teacher said I was a capable learner that showed courage, this feedback gave me faith and motivation to learn to drive a manual. I am in the â€Å"young adult stage of development† (Lozina, 2017)Read MoreReflection On The Learning Experience1923 Words   |  8 Pages2.0 Situation Reflection (1000 words) 2.1 Introduction Reflection is thought by linking recent experience with early experience to promote more complex and interrelated mental models or patterns. The thinking involves looking for commonalities, differences, and interrelations beyond their superficial elements. The goal is to develop higher order thinking skills. Most educators believe that reflection is useful in the learning process, even without the supporting research data. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/development/reflectionRead MoreReflections Of Learning And Non Learning Moments1346 Words   |  6 PagesNarratives and Reflections of Learning and Non-Learning Moments Looking back to the observations I made in Language Arts and Islamic studies of a faith-based school in Ohio, I remember a learning and a not - so learning moments that took place in those two classrooms. My intention, as I told the teachers, was to understand how strategies or teaching interventions help students understand and learn from texts better. The classroom observation happened in four months, which was started in JanuaryRead MoreThe Reflection Of Learning Theory1900 Words   |  8 PagesReflections of Learning Theory Learning to Read As someone who struggled with reading, the process I went through in regards to my early reading instruction was frustrating and difficult. I was a public schools student from pre-school through second grade. During my years in pre-school and kindergarten, I remember learning the letters of the alphabet and the sounds that accompany each letter. As time progressed and I reached second grade, I began struggling with reading words. Due to my struggleRead MoreReflection On My Learning Experience1405 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Experience Paper The objective of this paper is to reflect on my language learning experience. As part of the Global and Team Leadership class, students could complete a version of the Pimsleur audio course. I chose to complete the basic German language audio course. The contents of this paper will address the prompts as outlined on page seven of our class syllabus. Reflection on My Language Experience I chose to study the German language because it is a part of my cultural history. MyRead More Journals, Reflection, and Learning Essay2135 Words   |  9 PagesJournals, Reflection, and Learning A journal is a crucible for processing the raw material of experience in order to integrate it with existing knowledge and create new meaning. Among the many purposes for journal writing are the following: to break habitual ways of thinking; enhance the development of reflective judgment and metacognition; increase awareness of tacit knowledge; facilitate self-exploration and personal growth; and work out solutions to problems (Andrusyszyn and Davie 1997; MitchellRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Learning939 Words   |  4 PagesREFLECTION Reflective Learning Reflective learning can be identified as a means to allow individuals to see ourselves in both a physical and metaphorical sense to see inside ourselves (Jasper Ebrary 2006). It is about seeing things from a different perspective. Boyd and Fales (1983) defined reflective learning as a process of examining and exploring issues of concern that may be triggered by experiences and creates as well as clarifies meaning in the form of self. This leads to a change in conceptualRead MoreHuman Learning Reflection Paper4297 Words   |  18 PagesINTRODUCTION This paper is a reflection of my theory of human learning; how children grow and develop as well as which, environmental processes contribute to the best learning conditions in today’s classrooms. Further emphasis is placed on engaging and motivating learners while building self-efficacy, activity including students with exceptionalities and or diverse needs. In addition I address different approaches to developmental learning theories, including Character development, as well as

Designing A One Stop Shop For Aspiring Entrepreneurs

The mobile application is filled with different applications for practically any purpose that a user would need something for, from ordering car service to checking up on social media outlets, there is an application for it. A virtual entrepreneur mobile application is a great application to bring into the mobile market. The idea behind the application is to create a one-stop shop for aspiring entrepreneurs who need assistance into building their business form the ground up. This application main task is to assist users in the steps of getting their business off the ground giving them access to tips, tools, and resources that will allow them to successfully start a business. The application will be called â€Å"The Startup† since it’s assisting users in starting up their own business. The target users for this application are for particularly for college students ages 20 and up. According to, The Kauffman Index: Startup Activity National Trends 1, in 2014 the highest rate of new entrepreneurs entering the market by age was the 45-54 age group by 26.6%. The rate for age group 20-34 was 24.7%, which isn’t far from the highest rate but this rate has gone down since 1996 when the age group was the highest with 34.3%. There has been a decrease in new entrepreneurs ages 20-34, as we have entered the millennial time it has decreased. This decrease is because college students and young adults leave school and go start into starting their own businesses and is having trouble gettingShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship: Venture Capital and International Information Programs12997 Words   |  52 Pagessince. Many simply equate it with starting one’s own business. Most economists believe it is more than that. To some economists, the entrepreneur is one who is willi ng to bear the risk of a new venture if there is a significant chance for profit. Others emphasize the entrepreneur’s role as an innovator who markets his innovation. Still other economists say that entrepreneurs develop new goods or processes that the market demands and are not currently being supplied. In the 20th century, economist JosephRead MoreEssay about Recognizing and Shaping Opportunities19389 Words   |  78 Pages....................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Path to Entrepreneurship: A Tale of Three Ventures ................................ 5 Leo Fernandez: From Corporate Executive to Entrepreneur ......................... 5 Robin Chase and Antje Danielson: From Playground Conversation to High-Growth Business ............................................................................................ 6 Evan Williams: From Farm Boy to SocialRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesWhat Motivates Entrepreneurship Socio-cultural Factors Access to Early Stage Finance Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Business Environment for Entrepreneurship Conclusion: Encouraging Entrepreneurship List of Stakeholders and Details of Entrepreneurs Surveyed Entrepreneurship Proï ¬ les Methodology List of Resources Glossary vii viii 1 9 21 29 49 71 89 97 105 163 165 169 Annexure II : Annexure III : Annexure IV : Annexure V : Table of Contents iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 : FigureRead MoreSuccessful Women Hr in India13762 Words   |  56 PagesThe women of India Inc.  have proved in more ways than one that their sensibilities and leadership acumen are here to stay and pave the way for more women to make it to the top of the corporate ladder. On the occasion of International Women’s Day Women In HR As people management practices in corporate India come of age, organisations, today, are displaying a propensity towards employing more women in their HR departments as compared to men. After all, managing a large number of people, keeping themRead MoreWto and Its Impact on Indian Economy11045 Words   |  45 Pages | |Transition countries |73 |98 | The offers of tariff reduction on manufactures by developing countries are estimated to amount to over one-third of the world total. The expansion of tariff binding by the developing countries, which rules out future increases in tariffs, is regarded as a significant achievement. Non-tariff barriers (NTB) In the area of NTBs, the agreements to abolishRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestraditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorousRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCommunication Skills† includes activities that develop important research, writing, and presentation skills. Many of these activities include short research papers or class presentations using presentation software or short videos found online. PowerPoint One piece of feedback we received from students was that many of their professors were using PowerPoint slides and students were spending considerable time copying the slides. They requested that we help them take better notes by including on our Web siteRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmarketing as the process involved in satisfying the needs of a particular market, while other definitions lean more toward defining marketing in terms of its most visible functional areas, such as advertising and product development. There probably is no one best way to define marketing, though whatever definition is used should have an orientation that focuses on satisfying customers. Therefore, we will define marketing as follows: Marketing consists of the strategies and tactics used to identify,Read MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesfunctions†¦ †¢ Staffing (HR planning, recruitment and selection) †¢ Human resource development †¢ Compensation and benefits †¢ Safety and health †¢ Employee and labor relations †¢ Records maintaining, etc. †¢ HR research (providing a HR information base, designing and implementing employee communication system). †¢ Interrelationship of HR functions. A. What is human resource management? As we said that HRM is the management of people working in an organization, it is a subject related to human. For simplicityRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesendeavour. But personal though his achievements may be, they are also reflective of a wider tradition of significant involvement in the practical sphere by senior British accounting academics. For we must remember that it was Professor Edward Stamp who was one of the first to call the British audit profession to account with his questioning of ‘who shall audit the auditors?’ The subsequent institutional response has most likely gained as much from the likes of Professors Harold Edey, Bryan Carsberg, Ken Peasnell

Strategic Plan of HOTS Hotel Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Plan of HOTS Hotel in Australia. Answer: Introduction HOTS Hotel is located at 150 from the famous Bondi beach, Australia. The HOTS hotel provides budget boutique hotel room. The hotel consists of 250 guest rooms and it has a terrace for al fesco dining, free local telephone calls and Wi-Fi. The rooms are spacious and attached bathrooms are available for each room. The hotel is surrounded by bars, cafes and restaurants of Bondi. Bondi is famous for its scenic beauty and a great shopping hub for the travelers (Australian Hotel Sector Outlook, 2017). This paper will highlight thestrategic management plan of HOTS hotel using the various theoretical models. Further these model will be used to evaluate its influence on the decision making plan of the organization. The hotel has the scope of becoming a leader in that surrounding defeating its competitors with its service and price. However, it will have to move according to the internal and external environment that influence the hotels future growth. Theoretical models for analyzing the internal and external environment of the hotel Macro Environmental Analysis using PESTLE Political environment of Australia Australia is a very stable economy and it is very suitable for starting any business venture. It is one of the most prosperous economies where people enjoy a decent standard of living. The economy also shares a close political relationship with the neighboring countries which is an additional benefit for HOTS Hotel to operate its business. Australia is ranked 15th out of 190 countries in the ease of doing business. Thus, it can be said that HOTs can operate its business in Bondi without much political restrictions (Australian Government, 2017). Economic Environment of Australia Australia is a developed and wealthy economy. It has least market barriers and an open market environment for business. Australias stood fifth in the index of economic freedom. The sustained growth of the economy of Australia provides an attractive, competitive and safe market. The cross border trade in Australia will facilitate HOTS hotel to set their business easily in the Australian market. Thus, the economic environment of Australia is suitable for HOTS Hotel (Prideaux, 2013). Social Factors of Australia Australia is ranked tenth among the top 10 countries with high literacy rates. The economy of Australia has a great fondness of western culture. This is beneficial for HOTS Hotel online marketing strategy as it will be easily accepted by the people. However, there is a great preference for food items, luxury products and entertainment. Thus HOTS hotel can attract the customers by offering services at a discounted price in its official website. Technological Factor of Australia Australia ranks 23rd in the global innovation index according to 2017 Global Innovation Report. There has been a decline in the investment on research and development. All these factors will lay impact on HOTS Hotel as it will facilitate the company to take up new innovation from time to time for their growth. The increase in the internet usage by the customers of Australia will accelerate the demand for HOT Hotels online marketing. Legal factor of Australia The economy of Australia charges a corporate tax of 30% on the total revenue of the company. This arte is high compared to the tax rate of other countries. Thus, this can be the challenging factor for HOTS Hotel as it will have to earn higher profit after paying off these taxes. Moreover, the hotel also needs to provide quality service in order to survive in the Australian economy. Environmental factor of Australia Australia is among the top polluted nation and air pollution lays harmful effect on the people of Australia. This may affect the business operation of HOTS hotel in Australia. However, as the hotel is located near the sea beach, this may not pose harmful impact on the business. The hotel must also abide by the environmental laws of the nation which aims to maintain environmental sustainability (Yang Sai, 2016). Porters Five Forces Bargaining power of the buyers The bargaining power of the buyers affects the hotel industry to a large extent. Customers have large number of substitutes available due to many hotels in Bondi beach. As a result, the customers can easily switch from one industry to another without any switching cost. Thus, the bargaining power of the customers is high (Jean Paolo G Lacap RMP, 2014). Bargaining power of the suppliers The bargaining power of the supplier is relatively less in the hotel industry. This is due to the reason that there are many hotels and the suppliers do not want to lose their customers. Thus, the bargaining power of the suppliers is low in this industry. Threat of new entrant In order to enter the hotel industry in Bondi, a company will have to be ready to invest a huge amount, incur huge cost initially and should a good financial backup. Thus, the threat of new entrant is comparatively low in this industry. Threat of substitutes The hotel industry is not threatened by any major substitute products except in times of recession in domestic travel which replaces overseas or international travel. The hotel will subject to powerful customers if the marketing strategy of the hotel concentrates on attracting tourist which is the case of HOTS hotel (Mose, 2015). Rivalry among firms There are many hotels in Bondi which implies that the threat of rival is high in this case. This is because all of them are striving to stay in competition in the market at the expense of others which imposing a huge threat on HOTS Hotel. Value Chain Analysis The value chain analysis of HOTS Hotel is discussed in the table below which shows the internal activities of the hotel and the activities that requires improvement (Mitchell, Font Li, 2015): Primary Activities Inbound Logistics Contract with the supplier for delivering food and beverages Provision of laundry services Stock requisition and Inventory control Operations Equipments and tools used for delivering the services in the hotel Outbound logistics Services and final products offered to the customers Marketing and Sales Activities which are attracting the customers such as happy hours, honeymoon packages, free conference rooms. Service Free complementary dinner and lunch Seasonal discounts Free spa treatment Good reception service Support Services Firm Infrastructure Long term planning, finance and accounting, qualitymanagement Human Resource Executives, staffs and customers of the hotel Technology Development Software to manage the operations of the hotel on real time basis Procurement Facilities offered to the customers which makes the operation of the services smooth Mission and vision of HOTS Hotel The mission of the hotel is to be a leader in the hotel industry of Bondi by creating heart-filled experiences for the guests. In addition to this, it also aims to abide by the environmental needs of the region it is operating (Touboulic, Walker, 2015). To do this the company vision to give the customers the warmth of hospitality by offering them exceptional personalized and professional services every time. Along with this it also focuses to build some environmental friendly technology and wastemanagement plan in their organization (Stentoft Arlbjrn, Vagn Freytag, 2013). Impact of the above analysis on decision making of the business HOTS Hotel aims at making significant progress in the three areas- service, environment and communities. Their main aim is to stand out of their competitors. For this, the hotel needs to employ unique facilities and innovation plan to gain competitive advantage (De Vries, Bekkers, Tummers, 2016). This will give the visitors an incentive to visit HOTS Hotel. The company can employ young staffs in the reception and management service. This will help in adding a new touch to the system that the modern society demands. The hotel can include pick up and drop facility for the tourists that are new to that place. The hotel will also induce some green technology in their restaurant service and waste management to reduce the energy use, carbon output, water use and waste output (Krass, Nedorezov, Ovchinnikov, 2013). The hotel will also start recycling of various products so that they can pose less threat to the environment (Benavides-Velasco,Quintana-Garca Marchante-Lara, 2014). It will be easy to incorporate this technology because of the increased innovation initiative of the region. This will help them give a clean and beautiful environment to the guests. Moreover, the hotel can offer hospital facility by collaborating with a nearby hospital in case f emergency. This will give a feeling of security to the customers. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that HOTS Hotel can operate its business successfully in Bondi if it manages the efficient use of resources and incorporate new technologies supporting the needs of the customers. A close study of the political and economic environment, legal, technological and other factors of Australia plays a vital role on the progress of the hotel. The value chain analysis helped the organization to realize the areas it is lacking such as transportation facility and hospital facility. This will help them be unique then their competitors and fight the competitive environment of the hotel industry. References Australian Government. (2017).austrade.gov.au. Retrieved 31 July 2017, from https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Why-Australia/Business Australian hotel sector outlook. (2017).folkestone.com.au. Retrieved 31 July 2017, from https://folkestone.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Australian-Hotel-Sector-Oct-2015.pdf Benavides-Velasco, C. A., Quintana-Garca, C., Marchante-Lara, M. (2014). Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, 77-87. De Vries, H., Bekkers, V., Tummers, L. (2016). Innovation in the public sector: A systematic review and future research agenda.Public Administration,94(1), 146-166. Jean Paolo G Lacap RMP, A. F. B. E. (2014). Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Hotel Industry: The Case of Hotels in Pampanga.Business Management and Strategy,5(1), 115. Krass, D., Nedorezov, T., Ovchinnikov, A. (2013). Environmental taxes and the choice of green technology.Production and operations management,22(5), 1035-1055. Mitchell, J., Font, X., Li, S. (2015). What is the impact of hotels on local economic development? Applying value chain analysis to individual businesses.Anatolia,26(3), 347-358. Mose, J. A. (2015). The influence of industry competition on the performance of hotel firms in Kenya.Prime Journal of Social Science,4(9), 1169-1179. Prideaux, B. (2013). An investigation into factors that may affect the long term environmental and economic sustainability of tourism in northern Australia. Stentoft Arlbjrn, J., Vagn Freytag, P. (2013). Evidence of lean: a review of international peer-reviewed journal articles.European Business Review,25(2), 174-205. Touboulic, A., Walker, H. (2015). Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(1/2), 16-42. Yang, Z., Cai, J. (2016). Do regional factors matter? Determinants of hotel industry performance in China.Tourism Management,52, 242-253.

The human rights in the USA and around the world

Introduction Nowadays, we live in the world, in which the most of the leading countries declare the supremacy of law based on the democratic values and the human rights. However, the discussions of the problem of the human rights protection are still urgent in the society. The cases of their violations do still occur in the modern world.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The human rights in the USA and around the world specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this essay is to discuss the problem of human rights in the USA and all over the world. The Definition and Explication of the Human Rights Various organizations as well as the individual scholars explain the term of the human rights from their own point of view. Many of them describe it in context of the issues actual for the society of their native countries. The United Nations Organization proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 De cember 1948 (â€Å"Universal Declaration† n.pag.). The document was signed one year after the end of the World War II, when the mankind was concerned about the recovery of the social well-being and about the prevention of the repeat of the terrible events of the WWII in the future. The document laid the foundations of the law protection of the human rights. The first article of the Declaration states, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood† (â€Å"The Universal Declaration† n.pag.). The text of the document supports the highest human values and encourages people to behave ethically in relation to each other. However, we know from history that the simple declaration of the human rights is not enough to make the society free from the bias, hate, and violence. The racial discrimination in the United States was the obvious example in this respect. The decades were necessary to overcome it. The activity of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL), which is responsible for the protection of the human rights in the United States, is based on the following key principles: striving to learn the truth and state the facts, taking consistent positions, and facilitating and supporting partnerships (â€Å"Human Rights† n.pag.).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The human rights are often supported by the legal documents of the international law and the local law of the particular countries. The individual rights in the US were firstly proclaimed and legally documented in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, which was written by Tomas Jefferson (â€Å"A Brief History† n.pag.). However, the struggle for the human rights and other democratic values did not stop at that time. Nowadays, the US Constitution guarantees the human rights to every citizen and it maintains them as the legal rights (Dowling p.96). Their realization is the responsibility of the US government. Many human rights movements strive to monitor the realization of human rights and make public aware of the cases of their violations. Conclusion In order to sum up all above mentioned, it should be said that the human rights are the vital element of the jural state. They are supported by the numerous legal documents. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed after the WWII. It proclaims the highest values including the personal freedom and the equality of rights for all. In the US, the human rights are guaranteed by the US Constitution. Works Cited â€Å"A Brief History of Human Rights†. Humanrights.com. 2013. Web. Dowling, Noel T. â€Å"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.† Essential Human Rights 243 (1946): 96-100. Print. â€Å"Human Rig hts†. State.gov. n.d. Web. â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights†. Un.org. n.d. Web.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The human rights in the USA and around the world specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights†. Ohchr.org. 2012. Web. This term paper on The human rights in the USA and around the world was written and submitted by user Emmanuel H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Richard Hamilton

Richard Hamilton Richard Hamilton was born in 1922. He Finished at the Slade School of Art in London in 1951 after working in advertising during the forties. Hamilton’s style was established in 1956 when he finished his work, â€Å"Just what is it that makes today’s homes so appealing†. It was inspired by an Italian artist named Eduardo Paolozzi, who was known for including references to popular culture as well as mechanical elements in his art. Richard Hamilton was one of an independent group who wanted his art to be â€Å"of the moment†, rather than above it. With inspiration from artist Eduardo Paolozzi, Richard Hamilton did various collaborations with other artists that shared his beliefs in art as well as created much of his own using popular culture. In his works he included journalism, cinema, advertising, sex, and television, as well as many other topics that were big in the moment that the art was being created. The idea that advertising could shape the consumer’s desires excited Hamilton, therefore, he used lots of snippets of advertising from magazines and television in his work (Fineberg, 239). This type of art was popular with British pop musicians as well, and when asked to do some work, Richard Hamilton jumped at the chance to create art for the Beatles on their white album in 1967. Hamilton as well as the others in â€Å"The Independent Group† had paved the way for pop art to break through in the sixties. In Lawrence Alloway’s article entitled â€Å"The Arts and the Mass Media†, not a whole lot is said about Richard Hamilton and his works except that he and Eduardo Paolozzi were the forefathers of pop art. What is said about the art created is that the mass media give perpetual lessons in assimilation, instruction in role-taking, the use of new objects, as well as many other things. In essence, popular art, as a whole, offers imagery and plots to control the changes in the world; everything in our... Free Essays on Richard Hamilton Free Essays on Richard Hamilton Richard Hamilton Richard Hamilton was born in 1922. He Finished at the Slade School of Art in London in 1951 after working in advertising during the forties. Hamilton’s style was established in 1956 when he finished his work, â€Å"Just what is it that makes today’s homes so appealing†. It was inspired by an Italian artist named Eduardo Paolozzi, who was known for including references to popular culture as well as mechanical elements in his art. Richard Hamilton was one of an independent group who wanted his art to be â€Å"of the moment†, rather than above it. With inspiration from artist Eduardo Paolozzi, Richard Hamilton did various collaborations with other artists that shared his beliefs in art as well as created much of his own using popular culture. In his works he included journalism, cinema, advertising, sex, and television, as well as many other topics that were big in the moment that the art was being created. The idea that advertising could shape the consumer’s desires excited Hamilton, therefore, he used lots of snippets of advertising from magazines and television in his work (Fineberg, 239). This type of art was popular with British pop musicians as well, and when asked to do some work, Richard Hamilton jumped at the chance to create art for the Beatles on their white album in 1967. Hamilton as well as the others in â€Å"The Independent Group† had paved the way for pop art to break through in the sixties. In Lawrence Alloway’s article entitled â€Å"The Arts and the Mass Media†, not a whole lot is said about Richard Hamilton and his works except that he and Eduardo Paolozzi were the forefathers of pop art. What is said about the art created is that the mass media give perpetual lessons in assimilation, instruction in role-taking, the use of new objects, as well as many other things. In essence, popular art, as a whole, offers imagery and plots to control the changes in the world; everything in our...

Waxing Judgmental about Judgement

Waxing Judgmental about Judgement Waxing Judgmental about Judgement Waxing Judgmental about Judgement By Maeve Maddox A reader commenting on my post about the difference between discreet and discrete was shocked by the spelling judgement in my definition of discreet (â€Å"Showing discernment or judgement in the guidance of one’s own speech and action†): Maeve, where did you find that definition of discreet â€Å"Judgment† is misspelled! For that reader, spelling the word with an â€Å"e† creates a misspelling. Other readers, commenting on other posts, objected to my use of judgment without the â€Å"e†: The verb change keeps its [e] here to indicate that the [g] is soft, not hard. (That is also why judgement is the correct spelling of this word, no matter what anyone says.) and There isn’t a single instance in English that I can think of with a root word ending in â€Å"g† where â€Å"g† has the â€Å"j† sound. The final â€Å"e† is used to cue in the reader to the correct pronunciation of the soft â€Å"g† sound. Therefore, â€Å"judgment† according to the rules of English phonics would be â€Å"jud-GUH-ment†. Clearly WRONG!!So I’ll continue to engage in pointless arguments with those who quibble with my CORRECT spelling of the word. Strong feelings, these. Like â€Å"could care less† and statements like â€Å"my head literally exploded,† the â€Å"judgment vs judgement† issue evokes passion in many English speakers. The first reader was correct to fault me on spelling judgment as judgement, not because judgement is a â€Å"misspelling,† but because I write these posts in standard American English and spelling judgment with an â€Å"e† is contrary to American spelling convention. The other two readers do not indicate what standard dialect they speak. I’m guessing that they are American speakers because they resort to the argument about the â€Å"e† being necessary to the correct pronunciation of the word. British speakers would probably defend the judgement spelling simply on the grounds that it is the preferred British spelling. The suggestion that the spelling judgment would â€Å"according to the rules of English phonics† produce the rendering â€Å"jud-GUH-ment† is preposterous. The word is formed by adding a suffix to the root word: judge+ment. Unlike the â€Å"e† we use to maintain the /j/ sound in words like rage, Marge, and usage, the â€Å"e† in judge is not necessary to signal a /j/ pronunciation. The letter combination dge is a phonogram in its own right, used to represent the /j/ sound. Dropping the â€Å"e† from it is not common, but I cannot imagine that any native speaker would attempt to pronounce dg as anything but /j/. Changeable does need the â€Å"e† to soften the â€Å"g†; judgment, abridgment, and lodgment do not. Look up judgement and lodgement in the OED and you will find the the spellings judgment and lodgment dignified as alternative spellings. (Abridgement is the only spelling given for that word.) According to the OED, [Judgement] is found in spellings with -dgm- from the early 16th century, and by the late 17th century judgment had become the prevailing spelling, although judgement was still commonly found. Kersey (1702) is an unusually early example of a dictionary in which the headword form was given as judgement . During the 19th century the form judgement gained in frequency in British contexts, and is now the usual spelling in general British use, but judgment has remained the standard spelling in British legal contexts when used to refer to a judicial decision, as well as in U.S. usage. In sum, there’s no reason American speakers can’t choose to put an â€Å"e† in judgment if they wish, but there’s nothing historically, phonetically, or morally superior in doing so. And if they’re writing for publication, a U.S. editor would surely correct it. Related posts: Judgement or Judgment? The Difference Between â€Å"Discreet† and â€Å"Discrete† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects30 Baseball Idioms5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

A Catholic Cardinal and the One God of All Assignment

A Catholic Cardinal and the One God of All - Assignment Example The second parallel is difference in opinion regarding suitable approach to the attacks. In both cases, war and dialogue were proposed following the attacks (Volf 40- 44). The positions are very different, to the point that they conflict. Appropriate response to the Constantinople attack is the real difference. Pope Pius II’s letter advocated for violence and was based on the belief that Christians are ready for war while Nicholas’ letter supported dialogue (Volf 40). The statement means that it is impossible count the trinity because God is incomprehensible. An attempt to comprehend God, through counting the Trinity only leads to deviation from the truth that is a mystery (Volf 40). Nicholas of Cusa expected to achieve religious unity in which both Muslims and Christians would worship one and true God. This is because of his belief that the interreligious violence was a result of differences in faith and that dialogue into forging a single faith would attain the unity and prevent further violence (Volf 46,

Apart from assessing the impact of industrialization upon women, it is Essay

Apart from assessing the impact of industrialization upon women, it is also important that our understanding of industrialization itself is determined by the gender division of the workforce - Essay Example ding to the participation of the women in the paid workforce, it is the unpaid household work that accrued new meanings and perceptions, making the eventual understanding of industrial revolution dependant on the vantage point from which a workforce divided on the gender lines tends to envisage it. It is not that earlier the women were not engaged in any kind of work. However, a gendered division of work relegated the women to engage in the unpaid household work, while men were considered to be the primary wage earners who went out and worked to bring the bread to the family table (Crompton 1997). In that context, the industrial revolution while encouraging women to move out and engage in wage labour also to a large extent impacted the economic value and cultural tags associated with the household unpaid work (Crompton 1997). This revised understanding of the household unpaid work in the light of the industrial revolution had far reaching consequences in the overall gender dynamics of the nation. In a preindustrial society, governed by the gendered division of work, the unpaid household work done by women commanded much recognition and a measure of economic worth. However, in an industrialized society, though much of the household chores associated with women like caring for c hildren, cleaning, cooking and the overall management of the household economy and social standing remained the same, in a cultural context, they lost much esteem with the advent of the industrial revolution. This division of labour which hitherto stood to be gendered, in the aftermath of industrial revolution emerged to be a gendered definition of labour, a trend which was amply calcified and consolidated by the industrial revolution. The eventual impact of this degradation of the gendered division of labor into a perceptual gendered defining of labour to a large extent devalued the economic importance of the contributions made by women in the domestic sphere, though to this day they tend

World War I Essay Example for Free

World War I Essay The economy of Christiania steadily grew until before World War I. When the First World War broke out in 1914, Norway declared its neutrality. However, Christiania benefited economically from the war by carrying British cargoes inspite of the loss of Norwegian lives and ships that were caught in the war (Compton 610). After the war Christiania settled back to its normal life. In 1924, Christiania was renamed back to Oslo (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). Second World War On April 9, 1940 Oslo was defeated by the Germans almost with only a slight resistance due to the betrayal by Norwegian Officer and Fascist politician Vidkun Quisling who collaborated with the Nazis. As a result, the city was only slightly damaged during the war (Halsey 239). In 1942, Germany installed a puppet government in Norway under National Union leader Vidkun Quisling. However, the Norwegians resisted the Germans and its puppet regime. Oslo became a place of opposition strikes. Other citizens were secretly involved in the large-scale industrial sabotage and espionage on behalf of the allied powers. (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). During their occupation of the city the Nazis used Akershus as a prison and place of execution for those convicted of allied conspiracy and today its the site of Norways Resistance Museum, which provided a detailed account of German takeover and the Norwegian struggle against it (Thodock 2003). The German forces that overran Norway surrendered in May 8, 1945 enabling the exiled King Hakon VII to return to Norway from London in June. Oslo then began to rebuild its ruin buildings while at the same time prosecuted â€Å"about 90,000 alleged cases of treason and defection†. Convicted traitors faced execution foremost of which was Vidkun Quisling (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). When it came to The Cold War, that is the postwar to World War II, two major alliances were created. Although, in World War I a system of alliances did not work, the systems of alliances that formed after World War II were bigger and they werent buddy-buddy alliances. These two alliances were formed to bring peace throughout the world, to end The Cold War, and to prevent anymore future high scale wars. Toward the end of the war, hostility between Norwegians and the German occupying forces grew considerably stronger. A prime cause was the German withdrawal from all fronts. Retreating German units from the fronts in the north, the USSR and Finland, withdrew to Norwegian territory. In the autumn of 1944, the Red Army followed the Germans into Finnmark, where it liberated Kirkenes and the northeastern areas. As the occupying troops retreated, they ordered an evacuation of the entire Norwegian population in Finnmark and in Troms south to Lyngen. In Lyngen, three German army corps dug in. Then the entire region north of Lyngen was burned and destroyed. The destruction included 10,400 homes, bridges, power stations, factories, fishing vessels, telephone facilities and other types of infrastructure. The scorched earth area was much larger than all of Denmark. After the Soviet Red Army crossed into North Norway, a Norwegian military mission and a small number of Norwegian soldiers from Great Britain and Sweden followed. The Russians withdrew from Norway in September 1945, a few months after the German capitulation. When the costs of the war were estimated in Norway, the tally showed that 10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. After the war, legal proceedings were initiated against those who had betrayed their country. About 46,000 persons were punished for treason. Among these, 18,000 were sentenced to prison terms, 28,000 were fined and deprived of their rights as citizens. A total of 45 Norwegians and Germans received death sentences, 37 of the executions were carried out. It did not take long for the country to recuperate from the effects of World War II. Industrial production and the gross domestic product were greater in 1946 than in 1938. Three years later, the countrys national wealth had also returned to its pre-war level. Part 3: Major Event in the modern Era of the City The world over there is no other coveted price that comes even in comparison to the Nobel peace prize. It is one of a kind and its importance and value can not be underrated. Oslo helped to promote the preservation of worldwide peace when it was chosen to be the place for the annual awarding of the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. Alfred Nobel, a renowned Swedish inventor of the dynamite, left in his will dated November 27, 1895 the order to use some of his fortune as a prize for any individuals, irregardless of his race, who helped promote peace in the world. The Nobel peace was to be specifically awarded to person or persons who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding of peace congresses. In 1901 the first Nobel Prize was awarded to International Red Cross founder Henry Dunant and International Pacifist Frederic Passy. In succeeding years Nobel Peace Prize according to an Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, became The worlds most prestigious prize. † The prize was to be awarded by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting†. The members of the committee are all Norwegians and for more than a hundred years the committee members were able to generally make a respectable and decent selection although controversies were also present. The criteria for choosing the recipients have enabled the world to get acquainted with Norwegian perception or definition of peace. In the study of the recipients of the award, it can be said that the values that Nobel Prize committee members adhered to represented the â€Å"Norwegian version of Western liberal internationalism. Thus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has been a strong believer in international organizations, from the Inter-Parliamentary Union to the League of Nations and the United Nations†. Moreover, Norwegians believed that â€Å"small nations almost instinctively prefer international law to the might they do not possess, and they believe in the arbitration, mediation and peaceful solution of international disputes†. In this context, the Nobel Prize actively encouraged and awarded humanitarian assistance to the weak and the poor especially with the exercise of their human rights as well as the control of military power that may threatened the peace and order of the world. In a more personal level, Nobel left no explanation as to why he chose the Norwegians to award the Nobel Peace Prize. Educated inferences were presented to explain his action. Nobel may have been aware of the close ties between Sweden and Norway since the latter was once ruled by the former. Aside from that he may have admired Norway’s participation in settling international disputes of the 1890’s. Perhaps he may have regarded Norway as a more peace-oriented and more democratic country than

Gone With The Wind Essay -- Summary Book Review Essays

Gone With the Wind The novel being summarized is titled Gone with the Wind, written by Margaret Mitchell. It was published in 1936, after it took her seven years to write, and won a Pulitzer Prize in 1937. Gone with the Wind was the only book Ms. Mitchell wrote and is an American Classic. Gone with the Wind was a story of men and women living in the south during the war between the states and of the south’s transformation after the war. The novel began in about 1861 at Tara and Twelve Oaks, two southern plantations in Georgia. We were given a glance of the hospitality and generosity of plantation life. When the men went off to war, the women moved to Atlanta. While in Atlanta, they worked as nurses as they awaited the return of their men. Sherman’s troops marched in and burned Atlanta, so the women were forced to leave. They returned to Tara, where we observed the destruction and desolation of the land. After the war, the story shifted back and forth between Atlanta and Tara. We experienc ed the struggles to save Tara, rebuild Atlanta, and the effects of the carpetbaggers. The story continued until about 1871 as the main characters began to regain the security and grace of the days before the war. There were four main characters in the story. They were Scarlett O’Hara, Ashley Wilkes, Melanie Hamilton-Wilkes, and Rhett Butler. Scarlett, Ashley, and Melanie were raised together, and Rhett Butler was an outsider who came from Charleston. Scarlett was the daughter of a wealt...

Man and Woman

Sam Keen is an American author, philosopher and professor born in the year 1931 whose writings and teachings have explored areas such as religion, philosophy and psychology. Sam Keen's writings have been focused on the countless questions of love, life, religion, and being a man in a modern society; which he discusses in his book ‘Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man' (1991). From the book ‘Fire in the Belly' the essay ‘Man and WOMAN' was extracted. Along with these literary pieces, popular books such as Apology of Wonder (1969), Faces of the Enemy (1986), and Learning to Fly: Trapeze- Reflections on Fear, Trust, and the Joy of Letting Go (1999) are all products of Keen's literary works of art. After Keen's academic pursuit of graduating from Ursinus College in 1953 with his undergraduate degree. Keen obtained obtained his graduate degrees from Harvard University and Princeton University. Keen was then a professor of the philosophy of religion at a seminary known as the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary for six years. Keen later became an editor for Psychology Today magazine and thereafter ventured in to the field of writing. The focus of this essay will be on the extract ‘Man and WOMAN'. Man and WOMAN as was mentioned before, was extracted from Keen's book ‘Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man' that is based on the examination of the stereotypical perceptions and myths surrounding the idealistic concepts of man and WOMAN, and the roles both sexes play. This essay will discuss what is required of a man to attain true manhood as they examine their trinomial views of WOMAN as Goddess and Creatrix, WOMAN as Mother and Matrix, and WOMAN as Erotic-Spiritual Power. The concept of ‘manhood' has been falsely identified for several generations now. The qualities believed to be possessed by a male in order to be considered a ‘man' are commonly those that are contrary to the characteristics actually possessed by a true man. In past generations and even more so today, being manly involves being ‘macho' – in full control of any and everything, being Mr. Know It All, being strong and mighty, fierce, and a cocky braggart. However, these traits in no way contribute to manhood. In Man and WOMAN, Keen expresses that ‘men' in fact are those responsible for their struggles in reaching the state of true manhood. Keen mentions that â€Å"one of the major tasks of manhood is to explore the unconscious feelings that surround our (men's) various images of WOMAN, to dispel false mystification, to dissolve the vague sense of threat and fear, and finally to learn to respect and love the strangeness of womankind† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 332 ). However, without a doubt, more than half the males in society that regard themselves as ‘men' are no way near even sharing the same opinion or train of thought as Keen's in regards to evaluating one's self and validating and embracing the being of a woman to reach the destination of true manhood. In fact, their efforts of becoming a man is focused solely on themselves. The input or significance of woman in the opinions of males today have no relevance whatsoever throughout the course of them becoming true men. In Keen's essay, he opposes the idea of males solely becoming men. Keen argues that in order for a child; who later becomes a man-child, to evolve into that of being a man, he must first purge his mind of the misconceptions of a WOMAN, and the â€Å"unconscious feelings† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 32 ) that surround those misconceptions. The first of the three views on WOMAN males must address in the journey of becoming a man is WOMAN as Goddess and Creatrix. As the title WOMAN as Goddess and Creatrix would imply, it is referring to the fact that women are the sex that brings about creation. Only females possess the ability to bring forth a child, which males often times feel threatens their significance and importance as ‘men'- the sex believed to be the dominant ly essential. However, what ‘men' fail to realize as what Keen expresses as the challenge ‘WOMAN as Creatrix' presents to a man to â€Å"justify his existence† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 334), is that both sexes are equally important. It is impossible for a female to impregnate herself without the sperm of a man. Women are actually knowledgeable of the impossibility of self-conception as well, and would readily accept that the participation of man is equally important in procreating. Though, the ‘macho' aspect of males that drive them to desire preferable superiority over women wouldn't allow males to freely accept equal importance to females. The reason the conscience of males constantly haunts them is that, hands down, child bearing is dumbfounding and an honorable thing which males cannot deny nor carry out. Thus, males constantly feel inferior to females in regards to creation and continue to believe that the males' participation in procreating is still inadequate. Therefore, males resort to trying to find every possible justification of their existence which is not the manliest thing to do. Keen expresses the males justification efforts in the essay as he stated â€Å"much of the meaning men attribute to their work is a response to the question posed to us by WOMAN'S capacity to give life† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 334 ). Instead of competing with the importance of women's existence, men should not only become aware of the significance of women as child bearers but rather wholeheartedly embrace the divine capability of women and accept, and respect the worth of both women and men. Secondly, in regards to WOMAN as Mother and Matrix, Keen describes the roles of a WOMAN as the mirror through which a child starts seeing themselves, as the initial teacher that molds the child's eventual thoughts, opinions, and perspectives, as nurturer, and as an information system through which the child begins to view and understand the world, the surroundings, and last but not least themselves. WOMAN as Mother and Matrix is the first influential person encountered by a child with whom a strong bond is established; if not the strongest. Keen's support of how critical the relationship between mother and child is was established as he made the statements â€Å"She exists; therefore I am. Within the warp of her womb our bodies are woven- flesh of her flesh† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 335). The child delivered after nine months of pregnancy is literally a part of the mother, a part of her being, was developed and nurtured within her body. Thus, there is an immediate bond that comes into existence even before the child is delivered. Hence, the instant attachment between a mother and child is inevitable. However, it is the extent to which the attachment prevails that becomes a concern. Keen's focus on the attachment issue between mother and child was based on the parental situation involving a son. Because of the very important and fundamental role a mother plays in raring her son; there comes a point in her son's life that he falls in love with his mother and disregards the role and significance of a father (Freud, 1899, pg. 296). However, according to Keen the son eventually â€Å"renounces his desire to be his mother's lover and makes common cause with his enemy- the father† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 336). Reestablishing a relationship with the father then provides the opportunity for the son to become exposed and grasp the qualities and values of being a man. The fact of today's family oriented reality however, lacks that of a father figure in the household. Numerous homes in today's society are composed of single mothers and their child/children. In order to emphasize on the imagery of lacking a father in modern families, Keen went on to say â€Å"where once there was a father, there is now a vacuum† (Verburg, 2000, pg336). A vacuum is defined as the â€Å"absence of a normal or previous content of a place, environment, etc. (Oxford, 1982, pg. 1185). Thus, Keen could not have compared the lack of a dad to anything better that that of a vacuum. The emptiness left in a family as a result of lacking a father is in fact like that of a vacuum. The empty space is the absence of a father figure (the previous content) that had formerly played a role in the family. As a result, Keen a rgues that lacking a dad leads the son to become and remain a mama's boy, and that the son therefore becomes disconnected from an exemplary person who would guide him to manhood. Keen stated â€Å"The powerful father has been all but replaced by the powerful mother. Dad is no longer present to teach his sons how to be men. † (Verburg, 2000, pg. 336). Mothers have boldly taken on the challenge of working, maintaining a household, raring their children, and paying the bills. Women are no longer dependent on a male partner as bread winner and provider in a home. And the strength and courage mothers display by being both mother and father in the homes is what results in sons becoming more attached to their mothers. The sons admire and greatly appreciate the efforts and responsibilities taken on by the mother to meet their needs. Therefore sons begin to live their lives with the ultimate purpose of pleasing mom and being the ideal son. Though, growing up in a single-parent home with only a mother and greatly respecting and honoring her is no excuse for a son not to be able to develop into a fully fledged man. A father figure might be absent in the home, but there are uncles, grandfathers, older male cousins, and even exemplary male figures in society that the sons can look up to for guidance to achieve manhood. Achieving manhood in such a modern family might in fact make the task even more challenging, but in no way it makes reaching manhood impossible. Lastly, men's view of WOMAN as Erotic-Spiritual Power is focused on the argument that ultimately, a woman is the â€Å"prime mover† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 338) in the sexual aspect of life. Based on Eastern mythology â€Å"the female principle is seen as active and the male as responsive† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 338). Whether the woman out rightly suggests sexual intercourse or seduces a man into the act by her attire, the woman is considered the sexual initiator. Even in extreme situations such as rape, the rapist would justify his act with the defense that the woman was the initiator of the act. The rapist would make claims such as the woman tempted him, and that â€Å"she wanted it† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 338). However, in a consensual situation or an unfortunate one such as rape; no one individual is responsible for the actions taken by the other person but of themselves. Hence, the WOMAN as Erotic-Spiritual Power is free of any connection whatsoever to the train of thought or moral decision a man would make in regards to his sexual perception of the WOMAN'S behavior or intention. Manhood entails taking responsibility for your own actions, each and every one of them. A true man dominates his thoughts and opinions. A man knows what he wants, and knows exactly why he does what he does. A woman, regardless of how provocative she might dress, or how appealing she might be, has no responsibility or dominating sexual influence on a male who's achieved manhood. In essence, Keen's opinion on achieving true manhood involved exorcizing the numerous â€Å"archetypical creatures† (Verburg, 2000. pg. 332) men have of women in their heads, understanding and embracing the existence and being of womankind, and evaluating themselves as men and the unconscious feelings attached to their many imageries of women. Unlike what many would believe, manhood is not obtained by nature but is rather nurtured (Denee, 2005). Keen concluded his essay with frank statements such as â€Å"As ‘men' we need to recollect our experience, reown our repressed knowledge of the power of WOMAN, and cease to establishing our manhood in reactionary ways. So long as we define ourselves by our reactions to unconscious images of WOMAN we remain in exile from the true mystery and power of manhood† (Verburg, 2000, pg. 339).

“The Importance of Bees”

Barnett, Misty Carl W Simpson COM 100- section 107 4 November 2010 â€Å"The Importance of Bees† General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose: to inform my audience of the importance of bees, and the recent decline in their numbers due to the colony collapse disorder. Central Idea:I hope my audience walks away with the knowledge that we are dependent on bees for a variety of things, and of their unexplained deterioration in numbers. Introduction I’m sure everyone in this room enjoys eating.Maybe you like eating foods like kiwi, oranges, apples, blueberries, carrots, cherries, broccoli, onions, brazil-nut, watermelon, cantaloupe, squash, pumpkin, zucchini, macadamia, passion fruit, vanilla, or honey? Did you know that all of these foods are reliant on pollination from bees to produce more food? Since the 1980’s habitat destruction of pollinating insects has made these crops reliant on honey farms to bring in bees to pollinate their crops, but since 2007 we have had some of the largest decline in bee numbers on record.As I have mentioned in my first speech, I have my own bee hive. This is my second year with my hive, it’s doing pretty good, and this last year I was able to collect 6 gallons of honey. I have worked around bees since I was knee high to a grass hopper, and bee keeping is a hobby I hope to always able to have. I have several friends that also have hives, and we get together to socialize and help each other work with our bees. The small group of friends I have has even seen a decline in bee population.Last year my friend Johnse lost four of his five hives, and Tom lost all 5 of the hives he had. Body I) The colony collapse disorder, and its affects. A) Drs. Buchmann and Nabhan stated that bees pollinate about 75% of the world's crop plants. B) Large losses for US. a) It was reported in 2007 to have killed 32 percent of America’s honeybees. And in 2008 another 36 percent—more than a million hives— were re ported dead. C) Not just the US affected. ) According to Bernard Vaissiere, a pollination specialist with the French National Institute for Agricultural Research, â€Å"the situation for bees in Europe is no better than for bees in North America. † D) The presents of losses in different countries. c) A report by the European food Safety Authority estimates that the UK lost 30% of its honeybees in 2007, while Italy lost 40 to 50 percent. II) Theories about causes of the CCD. E) Cell phones not the culprit. F) Genetically modified crops not the culprit.G) Pesticides, viruses, fungi, and poor colony nutrition are the new theories. d) Dewey Caron, a University of Delaware entomologist who co-authored a recent report on CCD's toll, â€Å"I'd bet it's a virus that's fairly new or one that's mutated to become more virulent. † e) Entomologist, Lynn Royce, says â€Å"I think we brought this on ourselves. † III) Congresses gets involved. H) Congress has earmarked a few mi llion dollars for research to get to the heart of the problem, but the money has yet to start trickling out, and results are years away.The bees might be able to wait that long, but we can’t. Conclusion So in conclusion I hope you are can now walk out of this room with a little more understanding about the important of bees, and are now more aware of how their numbers are drastically declining.Works Cited Stipp, David. Flight of the honeybee. 156th ed. New York: time inc. , 1992. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. Jesiolowski, Jill. Get bugs to boost your yields. Vol. 43. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. Curmmins, Coroline. Silent Spring. Vol. 17. N. p. : The Environmental Magazine, 2006. Web. 13 Nov. 2010

Mr Posgais Biology II Class Lab essays

Mr Posgais Biology II Class Lab essays Mr. Posgais Biology II class often pondered the thought of insects attraction to certain colors on flowers. Well, on September 14, 1999, we decided to experiment and figure out which colors on flowers were more dominant over others. Our Biology class divided up into groups of two and three people. Each group took a different colored piece of poster board. One person in each group applied Tangle Trap to the twelve by nine inch area and stapled each board to a piece of lattice. We then took the lattice outside, about fifty feet from the school building and left it outdoors for about forty-eight hours. When we retrieved our lattice, we counted the number of insects on each board and proved our hypothesis, that insects prefer yellow flowers and white flowers over the other colors, to be During the week of September 13, through September 17, Mr. Posgais Biology II class carried out an interesting experiment involving insects and their Pollination is vital to insect and flower reproduction. Birds and insects drift from flower to flower, selecting the appropriate flavor of their choice to carry on their necessary task of nature. With the way nature works, this process sounds to be simple; however, it is much more complicated and in a sense, more unbelievable than you could ever imagine. A bird or insect flies or walks up into the flower to reach the pollen. As time moves o, that same bird and/or insect will move on to something else and carry the pollen with it. The pollen being transferred like this is a major factor in the flower reproduction system. My class came up with the hypothesis that the insects would be most attracted to the colors of yellow and white. Our hypothesis was proved to be true when we brought in the lattice containing all of the individual colored poster board ...

The History of Port Royal, Jamaica

The History of Port Royal, Jamaica Port Royal is a town on the southern coast of Jamaica. It was initially colonized by the Spanish but was attacked and captured by the English in 1655. Because of its excellent natural harbor and critical position, Port Royal quickly became a significant haven for pirates and buccaneers, who were made welcome because of the need for defenders. Port Royal was never the same after a 1692 earthquake, but there is still a town there today. The 1655 Invasion of Jamaica In 1655, England sent a fleet to the Caribbean under the command of Admirals Penn and Venables to capture Hispaniola and the town of Santo Domingo. The Spanish defenses there proved too formidable, but the invaders did not want to return to England empty-handed, so they attacked and captured the lightly fortified and sparsely populated island of Jamaica instead. The English began construction of a fort on a natural harbor on the southern shores of Jamaica. A town sprang up near the fort: at first known as Point Cagway, it was renamed Port Royal in 1660. Pirates in Defense of Port Royal The administrators of the town were concerned that the Spanish could re-take Jamaica. Fort Charles on the harbor was operational and formidable, and there were four other smaller forts spread around the town, but there was little manpower to defend the city in the event of an attack truly. They began inviting pirates and buccaneers to come and set up shop there, thus assuring that there would be a constant supply of ships and veteran fighting men on hand. They even contacted the infamous Brethren of the Coast, an organization of pirates and Buccaneers. The arrangement was beneficial for both the ​pirates and the town, which no longer feared attacks from the Spanish or other naval powers. A Perfect Place for Pirates It soon became apparent that Port Royal was the perfect place for privates and privateers. It had a large deepwater natural harbor for protecting ships at anchor, and it was close to Spanish shipping lanes and ports. Once it started to gain fame as a pirate haven, the town quickly changed: it filled up brothels, taverns and drinking halls. Merchants who were willing to buy goods from pirates soon set up shop. Before long, Port Royal was the busiest port in the Americas, primarily run and operated by pirates and Buccaneers. Port Royal Thrives The booming business done by pirates and privateers in the Caribbean soon led to other industries. Port Royal soon became a trading center for slaves, sugar and raw materials such as wood. Smuggling boomed, as Spanish ports in the New World were officially closed to foreigners but represented a huge market for African slaves and goods manufactured in Europe. Because it was a rough-and-tumble outpost, Port Royal had a loose attitude towards religions, and soon was home to Anglicans, Jews, Quakers, Puritans, Presbyterians, and Catholics. By 1690, Port Royal was as large and important a town as Boston, and many of the local merchants were quite wealthy. The 1692 Earthquake and Other Disasters It all came crashing down on June 7, 1692. That day, a massive earthquake shook Port Royal, dumping most of it into the harbor. An estimated 5,000 died in the quake or shortly after that of injuries or disease. The city was ruined. Looting was rampant, and for a time all order broke down. Many thought that the city had been singled out for punishment by God for its wickedness. An effort was made to rebuild the city, but it was devastated once again in 1703 by a fire. It was repeatedly hit by hurricanes and even more earthquakes in following years, and by 1774 it was essentially a quiet village. Port Royal Today Today, Port Royal is a small Jamaican coastal fishing village. It retains very little of its former glory. Some old buildings are still intact, and it’s worth a trip for history buffs. It is a valuable archaeological site, however, and digs in the old harbor continue to turn up interesting items. With increased interest in the Age of Piracy, Port Royal is poised to undergo a renaissance of sorts, with theme parks, museums and other attractions being built and planned. Famous Pirates and Port Royal Port Royals glory days as the greatest of the pirate ports were brief but noteworthy. Many famous pirates and privateers of the day passed through Port Royal. Here are some of the more memorable moments of Port Royal as a pirate haven. In 1668, legendary privateer Captain Henry Morgan departed for his famous attack on the city of Portobello from Port Royal.In 1669, Morgan followed up with an attack on Lake Maracaibo, also launched from Port Royal.In 1671, Morgan made his greatest and final raid, the sacking of the city of Panama, launched from Port Royal.On August 25, 1688, Captain Morgan died in Port Royal and was given a send-off worthy of the greatest of the privateers: warships in port fired their guns, he lay in state at the Kings House, and his body was carried through town on a gun carriage to its final resting place.In December of 1718, pirate John Calico Jack Rackham captured the merchant ship Kingston within sight of Port Royal, infuriating local merchants, who sent bounty hunters after him.On November 18, 1720, Rackham and four other pirates who had been captured were hanged at Gallows Point at Port Royal. Two of his crewmates -   Anne Bonny and Mary Read  - were spared because they were both pregna nt.On March 29, 1721, infamous pirate Charles Vane was hanged at Gallows Point in Port Royal. Sources Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Maritime, Paperback, Dover Publications, January 26, 1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009.

Lab DSP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lab DSP - Essay Example Table 1 indicates that expected values are the same with program’s values. Rectangular window function was utilized to design low-pass filters in MATLAB with window length M=2, 45, 65 and ω=0.2 as cut-off frequency. The graphs for impulse response, pole-zero, and magnitude function (linear as well as dB) were drawn. In the first experiment, three LPFs of varying lengths, length M = 25, 45, 65 as well as a 0.2π cut-off frequency were designed. Many observations were made during filter design process. The rectangular function’s main lobe width is 4π/M. The main lobe’s width narrows as M increases, affecting transition width and increasing its gradient. Increasing M reduces a large transition width, which is an unwanted effect. The area below the side lobes remain unchanged with signals retaining the ripples. High side lobe as well as stopband attenuation of -13 db and -21 dB respectively makes the rectangular function undesirable to use. Using a different window function with lower side lobes as well as stop band attenuations is the only way to overcome. Poles-zeros plot significantly affect response frequency when ascertaining the poles/zeros position in the unit circle, thus remain very crucial for the experiment. Unit circle zeros make response to move towards zero, which are components of stopband range. Zeros that are components of passband range produce ripples during passband frequency, thus impact the signal, which consequently affects filter accuracy. Zeros ranging 0-π are crucial because those that are outside do not have impact on the filter response. The poles at zero only have impact on the height of the passband. All window functions, including rectangular, hamming and Blackman, were used in MATLAB to design low-pass filters where length, M was 25 and cut-off frequency was ω=0.2. The graphs for impulse response,

GREAT EVENTS IN HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GREAT EVENTS IN HISTORY - Essay Example My beliefs on matters of justice and injustice I developed a belief that the world is still divided on issues to do with religion on matters relating to justice and injustice. As a female Muslim student, studying in a Christian dominated country, I have severally passed through thorough scrutiny, as compared to the rest of my American counterparts, when it comes to security checks when I visit some shopping malls in the city. I realized that some people relate Islam to terror and violence, thus, treating Muslims with utmost keenness. It made me develop a belief that the world is not fair to Muslims on issues relating to segregation based on terrorism and violence. I feel that the world treats Islamic religion unfairly because not all Muslims are terrorists. There is injustice in the treatment of Muslims by Christians in other countries that are not Islam dominated. This leads to isolation as a course of the discrimination. Whenever such happens to me, I feel it is a religious injusti ce and maybe even racial because, it is easy to recognize a Muslim who is of Arabic descent, as I am, from other Muslims in the USA. Matters of justice and injustice The death penalty It is an injustice to deny someone the right to live simply because of committing a capital crime; this is from my school of thought as an individual. The Sharia law advocates for death as a punishment to a heinous crime committers, Islam as a religion does support it basing on Sharia laws. The punishment for a crime like murder in Saudi Arabia is death by beheading in public; therefore, I believe that the death penalty is an injustice since it goes against everyone’s right to life, despite the mistake he or she has done. This is because, the penalty deprives the victims a chance to learn from the previous crimes they committed, so to me it serves no meaning at all. My religion, Islam, condones death penalty for various crimes committed, but, as an individual, I totally disagree with the stand. In Saudi Arabia, which is my country, death penalty, also called capital punishment, bases on Islamic Sharia law and has a wide range of crimes. The offences leading to its use vary from rape, murder, armed robbery, adultery and purported witchcraft. I do not support any of these crimes but I feel it is not right for a human being to lose a life for having committed any of these crimes. Criminals can undergo punishment in various ways apart from facing the death penalty in various ways. I strongly disagree with the Sharia law for necessitating capital punishment as a punishment for a capital crime. Many countries across the world do not subscribe to the use of capital punishment/death penalty as a means of punishing criminals. This is because; it is an injustice to humanity and a deprivation of an individual’s right to life. Gay rights Secondly, the issuance of gay rights is an injustice to the moral virtues and a defilement of my beliefs as a Muslim. I do not subscribe to ho mosexuality, lesbianism or bisexuality because, all this go against the teachings of the Quran. The Quran prohibits homosexuality because it goes against the natural order, ruins marriages, and makes individuals disregard God in other spheres of life (Stein & Marc 57). I think gays should not have the right to practice this dirty act anywhere in the world. As a Muslim, I feel like it is absolute immorality and going against the societal values and expectations. Gay

Elisa aims and method need to be paraphrase Essay

Elisa aims and method need to be paraphrase - Essay Example This difference is made clear through the drawing of a standard curve, by making use of concentrations that are known; belonging to antibodies of Rabbit IgG. e. Incubation was done on different amounts of rabbit IgG. Micotiter plates were then cleaned by use of washing buffer, three times; and washed again after blocking them with blocking buffer. They then were refrigerated, ready for use in the practical. 1- For the monoclonal antibodies, the left half of the plate got used.As in the illustration below in a picture with blue colour; in the first column, 200ul of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG was added. 100ul of diluents buffer PBS was then filled to columns 2 and 6, for the monoclonal antibodies as in the below illustration. 2- Then, 100ul of mouse anti-rabbit got transferred from A1 to A6 inorder to have the sample diluted and from well A6 100ul of mouse anti rabbit IgG antibody thrown away. A repeat of the process was done on the rest of the

Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay

Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay The term iterative method refers to a wide range of techniques that use successive approximations to obtain more accurate solutions to a linear system at each step In numerical analysis it attempts to solve a problem by finding successive  approximations  to the solution starting from an initial guess. This approach is in contrast to  direct methods which attempt to solve the problem by a finite sequence of operations, and, in the absence of  rounding errors, would deliver an exact solution Iterative methods are usually the only choice for non linear equations. However, iterative methods are often useful even for linear problems involving a large number of variables (sometimes of the order of millions), where direct methods would be prohibitively expensive (and in some cases impossible) even with the best available computing power. Stationary methods are older, simpler to understand and implement, but usually not as effective Stationary iterative method are the iterative methods that performs in each iteration the same operations on the current iteration vectors.Stationary iterative methods solve a linear system with an  operator  approximating the original one; and based on a measurement of the error in the result, form a correction equation for which this process is repeated. While these methods are simple to derive, implement, and analyze, convergence is only guaranteed for a limited class of matrices. Examples of stationary iterative methods are the Jacobi method,gauss seidel method  and the  successive overrelaxation method. The Nonstationary methods are based on the idea of sequences of orthogonal vectors Nonstationary methods are a relatively recent development; their analysis is usually harder to understand, but they can be highly effective These are the Iterative method that has iteration-dependent coefficients.It include Dense matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is too small to warrant specialized algorithms. Sparse matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is large enough that algorithms avoiding operations on zero elements pay off. Matrices derived from partial differential equations typically have a number of nonzero elements that is proportional to the matrix size, while the total number of matrix elements is the square of the matrix size. The rate at which an iterative method converges depends greatly on the spectrum of the coefficient matrix. Hence, iterative methods usually involve a second matrix that transforms the coefficient matrix into one with a more favorable spectrum. The transformation matrix is called a  preconditioner. A good preconditioner improves the convergence of the iterative method, sufficiently to overcome the extra cost of constructing and applying the preconditioner. Indeed, without a preconditioner the iterative method may even fail to converge. Rate of Convergence In  numerical analysis, the speed at which a  convergent sequence  approaches its limit is called the  rate of convergence. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an  iterative method as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations.Similar concepts are used for  discretization  methods. The solution of the discretized problem converges to the solution of the continuous problem as the grid size goes to zero, and the speed of convergence is one of the factors of the efficiency of the method. However, the terminology in this case is different from the terminology for iterative methods. The rate of convergence of an iterative method is represented by mu (ÃŽÂ ¼) and is defined as such:   Suppose the sequence{xn}  (generated by an iterative method to find an approximation to a fixed point) converges to a point  x, then   limn->[infinity] = |xn+1-x|/|xn-x|[alpha]=ÃŽÂ ¼,  where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 and  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±(alpha)=order of convergence.   In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=2 or 3 the sequence is said to have  quadratic  and  cubic convergence  respectively. However in linear cases i.e. when  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=1, for the sequence to converge  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  must  be in the interval (0,1). The theory behind this is that for En+1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼En  to converge the absolute errors must decrease with each approximation, and to guarantee this, we have to set  0 In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=1 and  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=1  and  you know it converges (since  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=1 does not tell us if it converges or diverges) the sequence  {xn}  is said to converge  sublinearly  i.e. the order of convergence is less than one. If  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼>1 then the sequence diverges. If  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=0 then it is said to converge  superlinearly  i.e. its order of convergence is higher than 1, in these cases you change  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ã‚  to a higher value to find what the order of convergence is.  In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  is negative, the iteration diverges. Stationary iterative methods Stationary iterative methods are methods for solving a  linear system of equations. Ax=B. where  Ã‚  is a given matrix and  Ã‚  is a given vector. Stationary iterative methods can be expressed in the simple form where neither  Ã‚  nor  Ã‚  depends upon the iteration count  . The four main stationary methods are the Jacobi Method,Gauss seidel method,  successive overrelaxation method  (SOR), and   symmetric successive overrelaxation method  (SSOR). 1.Jacobi method:- The Jacobi method is based on solving for every variable locally with respect to the other variables; one iteration of the method corresponds to solving for every variable once. The resulting method is easy to understand and implement, but convergence is slow. The Jacobi method is a method of solving a  matrix equation  on a matrix that has no zeros along its main diagonal . Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation  method of  matrix diagnalization. The Jacobi method is easily derived by examining each of the  Ã‚  equations in the linear system of equations  Ã‚  in isolation. If, in the  th equation solve for the value of  Ã‚  while assuming the other entries of  Ã‚  remain fixed. This gives which is the Jacobi method. In this method, the order in which the equations are examined is irrelevant, since the Jacobi method treats them independently. The definition of the Jacobi method can be expressed with matrices  as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagnol, strictly lower triangular, and  strictly upper triangular  parts of  , respectively Convergence:- The standard convergence condition (for any iterative method) is when the  spectral radius  of the iteration matrix à Ã‚ (D  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1R) D is diagonal component,R is the remainder. The method is guaranteed to converge if the matrix  A  is strictly or irreducibly  diagonally dominant. Strict row diagonal dominance means that for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal term is greater than the sum of absolute values of other terms: The Jacobi method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 2. Gauss-Seidel method:- The Gauss-Seidel method is like the Jacobi method, except that it uses updated values as soon as they are available. In general, if the Jacobi method converges, the Gauss-Seidel method will converge faster than the Jacobi method, though still relatively slowly. The Gauss-Seidel method is a technique for solving the  Ã‚  equations of the  linear system of equations  Ã‚  one at a time in sequence, and uses previously computed results as soon as they are available, There are two important characteristics of the Gauss-Seidel method should be noted. Firstly, the computations appear to be serial. Since each component of the new iterate depends upon all previously computed components, the updates cannot be done simultaneously as in the  Jacobi method. Secondly, the new iterate  Ã‚  depends upon the order in which the equations are examined. If this ordering is changed, the  components  of the new iterates (and not just their order) will also change. In terms of matrices, the definition of the Gauss-Seidel method can be expressed as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the  diagonal, strictly lower triangular, and strictly upper triangular  parts of   A, respectively. The Gauss-Seidel method is applicable to strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric positive definite matrices   A. Convergence:- Given a square system of  n  linear equations with unknown  x: The convergence properties of the Gauss-Seidel method are dependent on the matrix  A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge if either: A  is symmetric  positive definite, or A  is strictly or irreducibly  diagonally dominant. The Gauss-Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 3.Successive Overrelaxation method:- The successive overrelaxation method (SOR) is a method of solving a  linear system of equations  Ã‚  derived by extrapolating the  gauss-seidel method. This extrapolation takes the form of a weighted average between the previous iterate and the computed Gauss-Seidel iterate successively for each component, where  Ã‚  denotes a Gauss-Seidel iterate and  Ã‚  is the extrapolation factor. The idea is to choose a value for  Ã‚  that will accelerate the rate of convergence of the iterates to the solution. In matrix terms, the SOR algorithm can be written as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagonal, strictly lower-triangular, and strictly upper-triangular parts of  , respectively. If  , the SOR method simplifies to the  gauss-seidel method. A theorem due to Kahan shows that SOR fails to converge if  Ã‚  is outside the interval  . In general, it is not possible to compute in advance the value of  Ã‚  that will maximize the rate of convergence of SOR. Frequently, some heuristic estimate is used, such as  Ã‚  where  Ã‚  is the mesh spacing of the discretization of the underlying physical domain. Convergence:- Successive Overrelaxation method may converge faster than Gauss-Seidel by an order of magnitude. We seek the solution to set of linear equations   In matrix terms, the successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration can be expressed as where  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagonal, lower triangular, and upper triangular parts of the coefficient matrix  ,  Ã‚  is the iteration count, and  Ã‚  is a relaxation factor. This matrix expression is not usually used to program the method, and an element-based expression is used Note that for  Ã‚  that the iteration reduces to the  gauss-seidel  iteration. As with the  Gauss seidel method, the computation may be done in place, and the iteration is continued until the changes made by an iteration are below some tolerance. The choice of relaxation factor is not necessarily easy, and depends upon the properties of the coefficient matrix. For symmetric, positive definite matrices it can be proven that  Ã‚  will lead to convergence, but we are generally interested in faster convergence rather than just convergence. 4.Symmetric Successive overrelaxation:- Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation (SSOR) has no advantage over SOR as a stand-alone iterative method; however, it is useful as a preconditioner for nonstationary methods The symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) method combines two  successive overrelaxation method  (SOR) sweeps together in such a way that the resulting iteration matrix is similar to a symmetric matrix it the case that the coefficient matrix  Ã‚  of the linear system  Ã‚  is symmetric. The SSOR is a forward SOR sweep followed by a backward SOR sweep in which the  unknowns  are updated in the reverse order. The similarity of the SSOR iteration matrix to a symmetric matrix permits the application of SSOR as a preconditioner for other iterative schemes for symmetric matrices. This is the primary motivation for SSOR, since the convergence rate is usually slower than the convergence rate for SOR with optimal  .. Non-Stationary Iterative Methods:- 1.Conjugate Gradient method:- The conjugate gradient method derives its name from the fact that it generates a sequence of conjugate (or orthogonal) vectors. These vectors are the residuals of the iterates. They are also the gradients of a quadratic functional, the minimization of which is equivalent to solving the linear system. CG is an extremely effective method when the coefficient matrix is symmetric positive definite, since storage for only a limited number of vectors is required. Suppose we want to solve the following   system of linear equations Ax  =  b where the  n-by-n  matrix  A  is  symmetric  (i.e.,  AT  =  A),  positive definite  (i.e.,  xTAx  > 0 for all non-zero vectors  x  in  Rn), and  real. We denote the unique solution of this system by  x*. We say that two non-zero vectors  u  and  v  are  conjugate  (with respect to  A) if Since  A  is symmetric and positive definite, the left-hand side defines an  inner product So, two vectors are conjugate if they are orthogonal with respect to this inner product. Being conjugate is a symmetric relation: if  u  is conjugate to  v, then  v  is conjugate to  u. Convergence:- Accurate predictions of the convergence of iterative methods are difficult to make, but useful bounds can often be obtained. For the Conjugate Gradient method, the error can be bounded in terms of the spectral condition number  Ã‚  of the matrix  . ( if  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  are the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a symmetric positive definite matrix  , then the spectral condition number of  Ã‚  is  . If  Ã‚  is the exact solution of the linear system  , with symmetric positive definite matrix  , then for CG with symmetric positive definite preconditioner  , it can be shown that where  Ã‚  , and   . From this relation we see that the number of iterations to reach a relative reduction of  Ã‚  in the error is proportional to  . In some cases, practical application of the above error bound is straightforward. For example, elliptic second order partial differential equations typically give rise to coefficient matrices  Ã‚  with  Ã‚  (where  Ã‚  is the discretization mesh width), independent of the order of the finite elements or differences used, and of the number of space dimensions of the problem . Thus, without preconditioning, we expect a number of iterations proportional to  Ã‚  for the Conjugate Gradient method. Other results concerning the behavior of the Conjugate Gradient algorithm have been obtained. If the extremal eigenvalues of the matrix  Ã‚  are well separated, then one often observes so-called; that is, convergence at a rate that increases per iteration. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that CG tends to eliminate components of the error in the direction of eigenvectors associated with extremal eigenvalues first. After these have been eliminated, the method proceeds as if these eigenvalues did not exist in the given system,  i.e., the convergence rate depends on a reduced system with a smaller condition number. The effectiveness of the preconditioner in reducing the condition number and in separating extremal eigenvalues can be deduced by studying the approximated eigenvalues of the related Lanczos process. 2. Biconjugate Gradient Method-The Biconjugate Gradient method generates two CG-like sequences of vectors, one based on a system with the original coefficient matrix , and one on . Instead of orthogonalizing each sequence, they are made mutually orthogonal, or bi-orthogonal. This method, like CG, uses limited storage. It is useful when the matrix is nonsymmetric and nonsingular; however, convergence may be irregular, and there is a possibility that the method will break down. BiCG requires a multiplication with the coefficient matrix and with its transpose at each iteration. Convergence:- Few theoretical results are known about the convergence of BiCG. For symmetric positive definite systems the method delivers the same results as CG, but at twice the cost per iteration. For nonsymmetric matrices it has been shown that in phases of the process where there is significant reduction of the norm of the residual, the method is more or less comparable to full GMRES (in terms of numbers of iterations). In practice this is often confirmed, but it is also observed that the convergence behavior may be quite irregular  , and the method may even break down  . The breakdown situation due to the possible event that  Ã‚  can be circumvented by so-called look-ahead strategies. This leads to complicated codes. The other breakdown  Ã‚  situation,  , occurs when the  -decomposition fails, and can be repaired by using another decomposition. Sometimes, breakdown  Ã‚  or near-breakdown situations can be satisfactorily avoided by a restart  Ã‚  at the iteration step immediately before the breakdown step. Another possibility is to switch to a more robust method, like GMRES.  Ã‚   3. Conjugate Gradient Squared (CGS  ). The Conjugate Gradient Squared method is a variant of BiCG that applies the updating operations for the -sequence and the -sequences both to the same vectors. Ideally, this would double the convergence rate, but in practice convergence may be much more irregular than for BiCG, which may sometimes lead to unreliable results. A practical advantage is that the method does not need the multiplications with the transpose of the coefficient matrix. often one observes a speed of convergence for CGS that is about twice as fast as for BiCG, which is in agreement with the observation that the same contraction operator is applied twice. However, there is no reason that the contraction operator, even if it really reduces the initial residual  , should also reduce the once reduced vector  . This is evidenced by the often highly irregular convergence behavior of CGS  . One should be aware of the fact that local corrections to the current solution may be so large that cancelation effects occur. This may lead to a less accurate solution than suggested by the updated residual. The method tends to diverge if the starting guess is close to the solution.  Ã‚   4 Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGSTAB  ). The Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method is a variant of BiCG, like CGS, but using different updates for the -sequence in order to obtain smoother convergence than CGS. Bi-CGSTAB often converges about as fast as CGS, sometimes faster and sometimes not. CGS can be viewed as a method in which the BiCG contraction operator is applied twice. Bi-CGSTAB can be interpreted as the product of BiCG and repeatedly applied GMRES. At least locally, a residual vector is minimized  , which leads to a considerably smoother  Ã‚  convergence behavior. On the other hand, if the local GMRES step stagnates, then the Krylov subspace is not expanded, and Bi-CGSTAB will break down  . This is a breakdown situation that can occur in addition to the other breakdown possibilities in the underlying BiCG algorithm. This type of breakdown may be avoided by combining BiCG with other methods,  i.e., by selecting other values for  Ã‚   One such alternative is Bi-CGSTAB2  ; more general approaches are su ggested by Sleijpen and Fokkema. 5..Chebyshev   Iteration. The Chebyshev Iteration recursively determines polynomials with coefficients chosen to minimize the norm of the residual in a min-max sense. The coefficient matrix must be positive definite and knowledge of the extremal eigenvalues is required. This method has the advantage of requiring no inner products. Chebyshev Iteration is another method for solving nonsymmetric problems . Chebyshev Iteration avoids the computation of inner products  Ã‚  as is necessary for the other nonstationary methods. For some distributed memory architectures these inner products are a bottleneck  Ã‚  with respect to efficiency. The price one pays for avoiding inner products is that the method requires enough knowledge about the spectrum of the coefficient matrix  Ã‚  that an ellipse enveloping the spectrum can be identified  ; however this difficulty can be overcome via an adaptive construction  developed by Manteuffel  , and implemented by Ashby  . Chebyshev iteration is suitable for any non symmetric linear system for which the enveloping ellipse does not include the origin. Convergence:- In the symmetric case (where  Ã‚  and the preconditioner  Ã‚  are both symmetric) for the Chebyshev Iteration we have the same upper bound as for the Conjugate Gradient method, provided  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  are computed from  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  (the extremal eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix  ). There is a severe penalty for overestimating or underestimating the field of values. For example, if in the symmetric case  Ã‚  is underestimated, then the method may diverge; if it is overestimated then the result may be very slow convergence. Similar statements can be made for the nonsymmetric case. This implies that one needs fairly accurate bounds on the spectrum of  Ã‚  for the method to be effective (in comparison with CG or GMRES).  Ã‚   Acceleration of convergence Many methods exist to increase the rate of convergence of a given sequence, i.e. to transform a given sequence into one converging faster to the same limit. Such techniques are in general known as series acceleration. The goal of the transformed sequence is to be much less expensive to calculate than the original sequence. One example of series acceleration is Aitkens delta -squared process.