Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Elisa aims and method need to be paraphrase Essay
Elisa aims and method need to be paraphrase - Essay Example This difference is made clear through the drawing of a standard curve, by making use of concentrations that are known; belonging to antibodies of Rabbit IgG. e. Incubation was done on different amounts of rabbit IgG. Micotiter plates were then cleaned by use of washing buffer, three times; and washed again after blocking them with blocking buffer. They then were refrigerated, ready for use in the practical. 1- For the monoclonal antibodies, the left half of the plate got used.As in the illustration below in a picture with blue colour; in the first column, 200ul of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG was added. 100ul of diluents buffer PBS was then filled to columns 2 and 6, for the monoclonal antibodies as in the below illustration. 2- Then, 100ul of mouse anti-rabbit got transferred from A1 to A6 inorder to have the sample diluted and from well A6 100ul of mouse anti rabbit IgG antibody thrown away. A repeat of the process was done on the rest of the
Monday, October 28, 2019
Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay
Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay The term iterative method refers to a wide range of techniques that use successive approximations to obtain more accurate solutions to a linear system at each step In numerical analysis it attempts to solve a problem by finding successive approximations to the solution starting from an initial guess. This approach is in contrast to direct methods which attempt to solve the problem by a finite sequence of operations, and, in the absence of rounding errors, would deliver an exact solution Iterative methods are usually the only choice for non linear equations. However, iterative methods are often useful even for linear problems involving a large number of variables (sometimes of the order of millions), where direct methods would be prohibitively expensive (and in some cases impossible) even with the best available computing power. Stationary methods are older, simpler to understand and implement, but usually not as effective Stationary iterative method are the iterative methods that performs in each iteration the same operations on the current iteration vectors.Stationary iterative methods solve a linear system with an operator approximating the original one; and based on a measurement of the error in the result, form a correction equation for which this process is repeated. While these methods are simple to derive, implement, and analyze, convergence is only guaranteed for a limited class of matrices. Examples of stationary iterative methods are the Jacobi method,gauss seidel method and the successive overrelaxation method. The Nonstationary methods are based on the idea of sequences of orthogonal vectors Nonstationary methods are a relatively recent development; their analysis is usually harder to understand, but they can be highly effective These are the Iterative method that has iteration-dependent coefficients.It include Dense matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is too small to warrant specialized algorithms. Sparse matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is large enough that algorithms avoiding operations on zero elements pay off. Matrices derived from partial differential equations typically have a number of nonzero elements that is proportional to the matrix size, while the total number of matrix elements is the square of the matrix size. The rate at which an iterative method converges depends greatly on the spectrum of the coefficient matrix. Hence, iterative methods usually involve a second matrix that transforms the coefficient matrix into one with a more favorable spectrum. The transformation matrix is called a preconditioner. A good preconditioner improves the convergence of the iterative method, sufficiently to overcome the extra cost of constructing and applying the preconditioner. Indeed, without a preconditioner the iterative method may even fail to converge. Rate of Convergence In numerical analysis, the speed at which a convergent sequence approaches its limit is called the rate of convergence. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an iterative method as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations.Similar concepts are used for discretization methods. The solution of the discretized problem converges to the solution of the continuous problem as the grid size goes to zero, and the speed of convergence is one of the factors of the efficiency of the method. However, the terminology in this case is different from the terminology for iterative methods. The rate of convergence of an iterative method is represented by mu (ÃŽÂ ¼) and is defined as such: Suppose the sequence{xn} (generated by an iterative method to find an approximation to a fixed point) converges to a point x, then limn->[infinity] = |xn+1-x|/|xn-x|[alpha]=ÃŽÂ ¼, where Î ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 and Î ±(alpha)=order of convergence. In cases where Î ±=2 or 3 the sequence is said to have quadratic and cubic convergence respectively. However in linear cases i.e. when Î ±=1, for the sequence to converge Î ¼Ã‚ must be in the interval (0,1). The theory behind this is that for En+1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼En to converge the absolute errors must decrease with each approximation, and to guarantee this, we have to set 0 In cases where Î ±=1 and Î ¼=1 and you know it converges (since Î ¼=1 does not tell us if it converges or diverges) the sequence {xn} is said to converge sublinearly i.e. the order of convergence is less than one. If Î ¼>1 then the sequence diverges. If Î ¼=0 then it is said to converge superlinearly i.e. its order of convergence is higher than 1, in these cases you change Î ±Ã‚ to a higher value to find what the order of convergence is. In cases where Î ¼Ã‚ is negative, the iteration diverges. Stationary iterative methods Stationary iterative methods are methods for solving a linear system of equations. Ax=B. where  is a given matrix and  is a given vector. Stationary iterative methods can be expressed in the simple form where neither  nor  depends upon the iteration count . The four main stationary methods are the Jacobi Method,Gauss seidel method, successive overrelaxation method (SOR), and symmetric successive overrelaxation method (SSOR). 1.Jacobi method:- The Jacobi method is based on solving for every variable locally with respect to the other variables; one iteration of the method corresponds to solving for every variable once. The resulting method is easy to understand and implement, but convergence is slow. The Jacobi method is a method of solving a matrix equation on a matrix that has no zeros along its main diagonal . Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagnalization. The Jacobi method is easily derived by examining each of the  equations in the linear system of equations  in isolation. If, in the th equation solve for the value of  while assuming the other entries of  remain fixed. This gives which is the Jacobi method. In this method, the order in which the equations are examined is irrelevant, since the Jacobi method treats them independently. The definition of the Jacobi method can be expressed with matrices as where the matrices , , and  represent the diagnol, strictly lower triangular, and strictly upper triangular parts of , respectively Convergence:- The standard convergence condition (for any iterative method) is when the spectral radius of the iteration matrix à  (D à ¢Ã‹â€ ’ 1R) D is diagonal component,R is the remainder. The method is guaranteed to converge if the matrix A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant. Strict row diagonal dominance means that for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal term is greater than the sum of absolute values of other terms: The Jacobi method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 2. Gauss-Seidel method:- The Gauss-Seidel method is like the Jacobi method, except that it uses updated values as soon as they are available. In general, if the Jacobi method converges, the Gauss-Seidel method will converge faster than the Jacobi method, though still relatively slowly. The Gauss-Seidel method is a technique for solving the  equations of the linear system of equations  one at a time in sequence, and uses previously computed results as soon as they are available, There are two important characteristics of the Gauss-Seidel method should be noted. Firstly, the computations appear to be serial. Since each component of the new iterate depends upon all previously computed components, the updates cannot be done simultaneously as in the Jacobi method. Secondly, the new iterate  depends upon the order in which the equations are examined. If this ordering is changed, the components of the new iterates (and not just their order) will also change. In terms of matrices, the definition of the Gauss-Seidel method can be expressed as where the matrices , , and  represent the diagonal, strictly lower triangular, and strictly upper triangular parts of A, respectively. The Gauss-Seidel method is applicable to strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric positive definite matrices A. Convergence:- Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x: The convergence properties of the Gauss-Seidel method are dependent on the matrix A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge if either: A is symmetric positive definite, or A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant. The Gauss-Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 3.Successive Overrelaxation method:- The successive overrelaxation method (SOR) is a method of solving a linear system of equations  derived by extrapolating the gauss-seidel method. This extrapolation takes the form of a weighted average between the previous iterate and the computed Gauss-Seidel iterate successively for each component, where  denotes a Gauss-Seidel iterate and  is the extrapolation factor. The idea is to choose a value for  that will accelerate the rate of convergence of the iterates to the solution. In matrix terms, the SOR algorithm can be written as where the matrices , , and  represent the diagonal, strictly lower-triangular, and strictly upper-triangular parts of , respectively. If , the SOR method simplifies to the gauss-seidel method. A theorem due to Kahan shows that SOR fails to converge if  is outside the interval . In general, it is not possible to compute in advance the value of  that will maximize the rate of convergence of SOR. Frequently, some heuristic estimate is used, such as  where  is the mesh spacing of the discretization of the underlying physical domain. Convergence:- Successive Overrelaxation method may converge faster than Gauss-Seidel by an order of magnitude. We seek the solution to set of linear equations In matrix terms, the successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration can be expressed as where , , and  represent the diagonal, lower triangular, and upper triangular parts of the coefficient matrix ,  is the iteration count, and  is a relaxation factor. This matrix expression is not usually used to program the method, and an element-based expression is used Note that for  that the iteration reduces to the gauss-seidel iteration. As with the Gauss seidel method, the computation may be done in place, and the iteration is continued until the changes made by an iteration are below some tolerance. The choice of relaxation factor is not necessarily easy, and depends upon the properties of the coefficient matrix. For symmetric, positive definite matrices it can be proven that  will lead to convergence, but we are generally interested in faster convergence rather than just convergence. 4.Symmetric Successive overrelaxation:- Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation (SSOR) has no advantage over SOR as a stand-alone iterative method; however, it is useful as a preconditioner for nonstationary methods The symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) method combines two successive overrelaxation method (SOR) sweeps together in such a way that the resulting iteration matrix is similar to a symmetric matrix it the case that the coefficient matrix  of the linear system  is symmetric. The SSOR is a forward SOR sweep followed by a backward SOR sweep in which the unknowns are updated in the reverse order. The similarity of the SSOR iteration matrix to a symmetric matrix permits the application of SSOR as a preconditioner for other iterative schemes for symmetric matrices. This is the primary motivation for SSOR, since the convergence rate is usually slower than the convergence rate for SOR with optimal .. Non-Stationary Iterative Methods:- 1.Conjugate Gradient method:- The conjugate gradient method derives its name from the fact that it generates a sequence of conjugate (or orthogonal) vectors. These vectors are the residuals of the iterates. They are also the gradients of a quadratic functional, the minimization of which is equivalent to solving the linear system. CG is an extremely effective method when the coefficient matrix is symmetric positive definite, since storage for only a limited number of vectors is required. Suppose we want to solve the following system of linear equations Ax = b where the n-by-n matrix A is symmetric (i.e., AT = A), positive definite (i.e., xTAx > 0 for all non-zero vectors x in Rn), and real. We denote the unique solution of this system by x*. We say that two non-zero vectors u and v are conjugate (with respect to A) if Since A is symmetric and positive definite, the left-hand side defines an inner product So, two vectors are conjugate if they are orthogonal with respect to this inner product. Being conjugate is a symmetric relation: if u is conjugate to v, then v is conjugate to u. Convergence:- Accurate predictions of the convergence of iterative methods are difficult to make, but useful bounds can often be obtained. For the Conjugate Gradient method, the error can be bounded in terms of the spectral condition number  of the matrix . ( if  and  are the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a symmetric positive definite matrix , then the spectral condition number of  is . If  is the exact solution of the linear system , with symmetric positive definite matrix , then for CG with symmetric positive definite preconditioner , it can be shown that where  , and  . From this relation we see that the number of iterations to reach a relative reduction of  in the error is proportional to . In some cases, practical application of the above error bound is straightforward. For example, elliptic second order partial differential equations typically give rise to coefficient matrices  with  (where  is the discretization mesh width), independent of the order of the finite elements or differences used, and of the number of space dimensions of the problem . Thus, without preconditioning, we expect a number of iterations proportional to  for the Conjugate Gradient method. Other results concerning the behavior of the Conjugate Gradient algorithm have been obtained. If the extremal eigenvalues of the matrix  are well separated, then one often observes so-called; that is, convergence at a rate that increases per iteration. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that CG tends to eliminate components of the error in the direction of eigenvectors associated with extremal eigenvalues first. After these have been eliminated, the method proceeds as if these eigenvalues did not exist in the given system, i.e., the convergence rate depends on a reduced system with a smaller condition number. The effectiveness of the preconditioner in reducing the condition number and in separating extremal eigenvalues can be deduced by studying the approximated eigenvalues of the related Lanczos process. 2. Biconjugate Gradient Method-The Biconjugate Gradient method generates two CG-like sequences of vectors, one based on a system with the original coefficient matrix , and one on . Instead of orthogonalizing each sequence, they are made mutually orthogonal, or bi-orthogonal. This method, like CG, uses limited storage. It is useful when the matrix is nonsymmetric and nonsingular; however, convergence may be irregular, and there is a possibility that the method will break down. BiCG requires a multiplication with the coefficient matrix and with its transpose at each iteration. Convergence:- Few theoretical results are known about the convergence of BiCG. For symmetric positive definite systems the method delivers the same results as CG, but at twice the cost per iteration. For nonsymmetric matrices it has been shown that in phases of the process where there is significant reduction of the norm of the residual, the method is more or less comparable to full GMRES (in terms of numbers of iterations). In practice this is often confirmed, but it is also observed that the convergence behavior may be quite irregular , and the method may even break down . The breakdown situation due to the possible event that  can be circumvented by so-called look-ahead strategies. This leads to complicated codes. The other breakdown  situation, , occurs when the -decomposition fails, and can be repaired by using another decomposition. Sometimes, breakdown  or near-breakdown situations can be satisfactorily avoided by a restart  at the iteration step immediately before the breakdown step. Another possibility is to switch to a more robust method, like GMRES.  3. Conjugate Gradient Squared (CGS ). The Conjugate Gradient Squared method is a variant of BiCG that applies the updating operations for the -sequence and the -sequences both to the same vectors. Ideally, this would double the convergence rate, but in practice convergence may be much more irregular than for BiCG, which may sometimes lead to unreliable results. A practical advantage is that the method does not need the multiplications with the transpose of the coefficient matrix. often one observes a speed of convergence for CGS that is about twice as fast as for BiCG, which is in agreement with the observation that the same contraction operator is applied twice. However, there is no reason that the contraction operator, even if it really reduces the initial residual , should also reduce the once reduced vector . This is evidenced by the often highly irregular convergence behavior of CGS . One should be aware of the fact that local corrections to the current solution may be so large that cancelation effects occur. This may lead to a less accurate solution than suggested by the updated residual. The method tends to diverge if the starting guess is close to the solution.  4 Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGSTAB ). The Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method is a variant of BiCG, like CGS, but using different updates for the -sequence in order to obtain smoother convergence than CGS. Bi-CGSTAB often converges about as fast as CGS, sometimes faster and sometimes not. CGS can be viewed as a method in which the BiCG contraction operator is applied twice. Bi-CGSTAB can be interpreted as the product of BiCG and repeatedly applied GMRES. At least locally, a residual vector is minimized , which leads to a considerably smoother  convergence behavior. On the other hand, if the local GMRES step stagnates, then the Krylov subspace is not expanded, and Bi-CGSTAB will break down . This is a breakdown situation that can occur in addition to the other breakdown possibilities in the underlying BiCG algorithm. This type of breakdown may be avoided by combining BiCG with other methods, i.e., by selecting other values for  One such alternative is Bi-CGSTAB2 ; more general approaches are su ggested by Sleijpen and Fokkema. 5..Chebyshev Iteration. The Chebyshev Iteration recursively determines polynomials with coefficients chosen to minimize the norm of the residual in a min-max sense. The coefficient matrix must be positive definite and knowledge of the extremal eigenvalues is required. This method has the advantage of requiring no inner products. Chebyshev Iteration is another method for solving nonsymmetric problems . Chebyshev Iteration avoids the computation of inner products  as is necessary for the other nonstationary methods. For some distributed memory architectures these inner products are a bottleneck  with respect to efficiency. The price one pays for avoiding inner products is that the method requires enough knowledge about the spectrum of the coefficient matrix  that an ellipse enveloping the spectrum can be identified ; however this difficulty can be overcome via an adaptive construction developed by Manteuffel , and implemented by Ashby . Chebyshev iteration is suitable for any non symmetric linear system for which the enveloping ellipse does not include the origin. Convergence:- In the symmetric case (where  and the preconditioner  are both symmetric) for the Chebyshev Iteration we have the same upper bound as for the Conjugate Gradient method, provided  and  are computed from  and  (the extremal eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix ). There is a severe penalty for overestimating or underestimating the field of values. For example, if in the symmetric case  is underestimated, then the method may diverge; if it is overestimated then the result may be very slow convergence. Similar statements can be made for the nonsymmetric case. This implies that one needs fairly accurate bounds on the spectrum of  for the method to be effective (in comparison with CG or GMRES).  Acceleration of convergence Many methods exist to increase the rate of convergence of a given sequence, i.e. to transform a given sequence into one converging faster to the same limit. Such techniques are in general known as series acceleration. The goal of the transformed sequence is to be much less expensive to calculate than the original sequence. One example of series acceleration is Aitkens delta -squared process.
Friday, October 25, 2019
The most unkind cut :: essays research papers
What if I were to tell you that a new trend is being practiced in the United States by the parents of newborn baby boys, wherein they are giving the children nose jobs so that they can look more like their father, or that the parents are cutting off the earlobes of the babes so that they can be cleaner? What if you had just given birth to a beautiful, cooing baby girl and the nurse walked in and cheerfully asked if youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d like to mutilate her genitalia before her noon feeding. In either one of those situations, no doubt youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d be disbelieving and outraged at such a suggestion! But everyday thousands of babies across the United States suffer a similar fate when their parents decide that a baby boy should not have a foreskin and so they practice routine circumcision. Circumcision, put simply, is cosmetic surgery, in that it involves changing the appearance of your childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body for aesthetic reasons.      The United States is the only country in the world that routinely practices the circumcision of their newborns. Across the globe elsewhere, circumcision is rarely practiced unless there is a medical or religious reason to do so. Here in the U.S., the vast majority of parents opt to have the procedure done, although the number of parents refusing the pointless procedure is on a rapid rise. Most parents typically donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think about circumcision as an issue while they shop for cribs and have baby showers and select namesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s just something you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? if you have a son, so when asked in the hospital after the delivery if they want their child circumcised, they blindly accept the procedure without questioning ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purpose. However, in the future when asked why they decided to go through with it, the most common reasons given to justify the procedure might surprise you.      When asking my friends why they decided to circumcise their sons, the most common reasoning is that so the child can à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“look like daddy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want the child to feel or look different than his father, brother or peers and be teased. Is this really a problem? Do men really sit around comparing how they look and then teasing the ones who look different? No, of course not. And what sort of justification is this anyway, to look like their daddy. Nobody will ever walk up and say, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Oh how cuteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Business and technology Essay
The second issue centered on the impact of distance-delivery on the effectiveness of health care. The third issue involved a determination of the effects that the use of electronic communications have on health care delivery today. The fourth issue required a projection of the likely affects that the continued use of electronic communications will have on health care delivery. These interrelated issues are addressed in separate discussions in this paper. Electronic Communications as an External Delivery Mechanism When considering the ways in which electronic communications may be applied effectively as an external delivery mechanism in the communication of patient- pecific information, it is useful to first (a) identify the parties who will likely be involved in such interchanges and to (b) determine the types of information most likely to be exchanged. Further, depending upon of types of information likely to be exchanged it is also useful to consider how and in what form such information is developed (Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Performance Measures, Payment, and Performance Improvement Programs, 2006; Committee on Public Health Strategies to Improve Health Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, 2012; World Health Organization, 2008). The party-pairs most likely to be involved in electronic communications exchanges are (a) provider-to-patient, (b) patient-to-provider, (c) provider-to-provider, and (d) provider-to-parties other than patients and other providers (Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Performance Measures, Payment, and Performance Improvement Programs, 2006; Committee on Public Health Strategies to Improve Health Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, 2012; World Health Organization, 2008). In these instances especially so in provider-to-parties other than patients and other providers, the ssues of patient privacy and the integrity of patient-specific data must be an important tocal point (McGraw, 2 The types ot patient-specific intormation likely to be exchanged between providers and patients, regardless of the direction of the initial contract in such exchanges, are (a) patient symptoms and concerns, (b) provider care directions and queries to patients concerning their clinical conditions. The types of patient-specific information most likely to be exchanged among providers are (a) requests for the conduct of examinations and other procedures and b) consultations concerning the appropriate treatment protocols for specific patients. The types of patient-specific information most likely to be exchanged between providers and parties other than patients and other providers are (a) patient-specific data required by administrative personnel for scheduling and billing purposes and (b) patient specific data required by health care funders for purposes of specific treatment authorizations (Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance and Public Health Practice, 2012; World Health Organization, 2008).
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Eva’s Print Shop
Eva’s – – Print Shop: tripled bottom line operates as a social business and a corporate structure divided in terms of it’s two businesses some horizontal connection between the teams but not a clear functional structure hybrid between functional and divisional innovative features: social business (mohamed yunous) – integrating the production (commercial) and the teaching (social) business side – bringing in money to sustain the organization social side 2002 – they used to be funded by federal grants BUT caveat w. overnment funding required the trainees to be paid†¦ issue: these are homeless youth and they are being taken off the streets – giving them homes and are taught basic survival skills on how to live, and take care of themselves any kind of not for profit formula has strict guidelines which is why they switched because it was counter intuitive to the social goal. Case: Who: (names and position): – Andrew Macdo nald and the Advisory Board (primary stakeholders) – Eva’s initiatives What: (Key Issues): – Whether or not to expand and if so how Why: (Root Causes): Funding Will the business side fund the social side?Need to help more at risk youth is pressing – growing problem When (Timeline): – No, just as it works for the company – Changing the funding has put some constraints on the economic business, BEP Analysis: (application of course concepts, models, theories): – Performance: changing in funding formula away from government funding was made after 2005 strategic review – allowed Eva’s Phoenix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. How did this impact its organizational design?Strategy: integration of its social and commercial elements of the enterprise – triple bottom line, includes environmental – uses Bullfrog Power Models: – triple-bottom line – effectiveness measures: goal approach – internal process model: h ow does the training side interact with the commercial side? How are conflicts resolved? resource model: by choosing bullfrog power, they may be paying more for their power but using homeless youth – they may be comprising their efficiency and quality – Balancing Act between the 2 – Professionalism – more professional you’re staff, the more you have to pay them Decision Criteria 1. ncrease youth participation 2. increase efficiency on the economic business side 3. feasibility and funding 4. keeping or increasing the synergy 5. no compromise the social or environmental objectives for the business objectives 6. complexity in the design structure 7. maintaining your volunteers Alternatives: 1. Keep the structure the same but tweak it, make economic more efficient (incremental efficiencies) 2. Grow the business using the same structure – just bigger 3. Grow geographically – replicating the model in different cities where there is a simila r need 4.Separate the print shop and the social initiatives Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Incremental efficiencies will allow for more professionalism and customer focus – some basic training before anyone works in the print shop handling customer materials – meets a, b, c & d 2. Growing the†¦ Recommendation/Implementation/contingency – finding a suitable location – must find advisory board and volunteers – securing funding to run a similar operation – finance volunteer – finding customers and sales volunteer – onnecting with volunteer agency in the designated city to source homeless youth and discuses details on how to manage the process hiring staff with the expertise needed to run both the print side and the social side create and accountability Constrains – Budgetary issues – Timelines Downside Risk: – Failure of program – volunteer not committed – Not find youth who are interested in staying and learning new skills – Not enough customers Contingency: partnering with a local social agency and try to implement the program using their infrastructure and recourse while providing your expertise
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
200 Essays
Personal Ethics Gen/200 Essays Personal Ethics Gen/200 Paper Personal Ethics Gen/200 Paper Welcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructors preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. NOTE: WritePoint comments are computer-generated writing and grammar suggestions inviting the consideration and analysis of the writer; they are not infallible statements of right/wrong, and they should not be used as grading elements. Also, at present, WritePoint cannot detect quotations or block-quotes, so comments in those areas should be ignored. For additional assistance, please visit our WritePoint Lab to speak with a tutor. During th e lab, the tutor addresses common WritePoint grammar and style errors, offers editing advice for students who use WritePoint, and takes student questions. A link to the lab is located on the Live Labs homepage, which is accessible by logging into eCampus and pasting the following URL (https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CWE/LiveLabs/) into the address bar.Ethical Lens Inventory Reflection: what i learned through ethical lens inventory? [Writing suggestion: Unless in a quote or a title, avoid rhetorical questions in academic writing. A good idea is to provide answers, not questions] Rights and Responsibility lens.Before i started this class i had no idea how ethics and teams related to college success. I [Avoid use of the first person (I, me, my) in academic writing unless writing about a personal experience. First person use may be allowed by the instructor. ] also had no concept of how working with a team of different lenses could improve my individual ability to work with othe rs. I
Monday, October 21, 2019
Conflicts in Solon essays
Conflicts in Solon essays In this paper, I would like to discuss the conflicts between Athenians in Solon fs time. In order to do so, I divided the paper into three sections. In the first section, I will discuss the conflicts between peasants and aristocrats. After that, I will talk about the conflicts between aristocrats themselves. Finally, I will discuss how the political laws at that time show these situations. For the source, I would use  gThe Rise and Fall of Athens: Nine Greek Lives h, written by Plutarch, and  gThe Constitution of Athens h, written by Aristotle (in J.M. Moore, Ed.). This is the first section of the paper. In this section, I will talk about the conflicts between aristocrats and peasants and the solutions Solon tried to give. I will divide the section into five parts. 1. Two classes: aristocrats and peasants In Solon fs Athens, people were divided into two classes: one rich and one poor. The rich class is called aristocrats, and the poor class is called peasants. Aristocrats only covered two percents of the population. Most of them were big landowners and had inherited wealth. Unlike nowadays, aristocrats acted as more than one groups; they also were politicians, warriors and priests. Peasants are farmers who grow things themselves and sell goods for their families and subsistence, which means not market oriented. Some peasants had land and others had not, but both of them are free citizens. There was no middle class, which means there was no social mobility; that is, a peasant is a peasant for his whole life and could not become an aristocrat no meter how much he can earn (Tr). In fact, for more accurate speaking, there were totally four income groups in Solon fs Athens:  gThose who received an annual income of 500 measures or more of wet and dry produce, he placed in the first class and called Pentacosiomedimni. The second class consisted of men who could afford a horse, or possessed an income of 300 measures, and ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Oxford Referencing †Citing a Book
Oxford Referencing – Citing a Book Oxford Referencing – Citing a Book You need two things when citing a book in the Oxford referencing system: a footnote citation and an entry in a bibliography. The exact format for this can vary, so make sure to check your style guide if you have one. But if all you need is a clear, simple way of referencing sources in your written work, then you can follow our guidelines below next time you cite a book. Citing a Book in Footnotes To cite a book, you’ll first need to add a superscript number in the main text: Citations usually go after end punctuation, like this.1 These superscript numbers point to footnotes at the bottom of a page. This is where you provide source information. And the first time you cite a book, you will need to use the following format: n. Author Initial(s). Surname, Book Title, publisher, place of publication, year, page number(s). The page numbers here refer to the specific section cited. Using this format, then, you should end up with a footnote that looks something like this: 1. H. Kane, Discovering Rome, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10. When referencing a book with two or three authors, meanwhile, use â€Å"†to separate the last two: 2. J. Jones, L. Larkin W. Ellis, How to Beat the System, Harper Collins, New York, 2004, p. 16. And if a book has four or more authors, use â€Å"et al.† – meaning â€Å"and others†– after the first named author rather than writing each author name out in full: 3. I. King et al., The Human Mind, Continuum, London, 2010, p. 3. After citing a book for the first time, you can use a shorter footnote format for repeat citations. We will look at how this works below. Repeat Citations: Latin Abbreviations Most versions of Oxford referencing use a set of Latin abbreviations for repeat citations. Typically, this includes the following: Ibid. (meaning â€Å"in the same place†). You can use this when citing a source more than once in a row. If you’re citing a different page number, remember to include this in the citation. Loc. cit. (short for loco citato, or â€Å"in the place cited†). You can use this alongside the author’s surname for non-consecutive citations of the same page of a source. If you have cited more than one work by that author, you may also need to include a shortened title. Op. cit. (short for opere citato, meaning â€Å"in the work cited†). Similar to â€Å"loc. cit.†but used when citing a different page of a previously cited work. We can see how this works in practice with the repeat citations below: 4. P. Walker, London Fields: A Guide for the Uninitiated, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10. 5. Ibid., p. 13. 6. T. Williams, Going the Distance, Harper Collins, New York, 2010, p. 34. 7. Walker, op. cit., p. 16. Here, the Walker source is cited in footnotes 4, 5 and 7. We use â€Å"ibid.†for footnote five as it comes immediately after the initial citation, but we give a new page number because we’re citing a different part of the book. And in footnote 7 we use â€Å"op. cit.†because we’re citing a different part of the Walker book after citing a different source, making it a non-consecutive citation. Other Shortened Citations If your version of Oxford referencing does not use the Latin abbreviations above, you will still need to shorten repeat citations. Usually, this means citing just the author’s surname and a page number. If you are citing more than one source by the same author, however, you should also provide a shortened version of the book’s title in repeat citations. For instance: 4. P. Walker, London Fields: A Guide for the Uninitiated, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002, p. 10. 5. T. Williams, Going the Distance, Harper Collins, New York, 2010, p. 34. 6. P. Walker, Urban Rambling, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2010, p. 211. 7. Walker, London Fields, p. 10. 8. Williams, p. 35. Here, we have two sources by Walker and one by Williams. As such, when we cite London Fields a second time, we include the shortened title to show which source we’re referencing. But when we cite Williams for a second time in footnote 8, we only give his surname and a page number. The Reference List Finally, with Oxford referencing, every source you cite in the main text should also appear in a reference list. The format for a book here is similar to the first footnote except for two things: You should give the author’s surname before the initial. This is so you can list the sources in your document alphabetically by author surname. You do not need to give page numbers for a book in the reference list. As such, the basic format for a book in an Oxford reference list is: Surname, Initial(s), Book Title, publisher, place of publication, year. And in practice, this would look something like this: Kane, H., Discovering Rome, Penguin Roundhouse, London, 2002.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Applied Economics-Using SAS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Applied Economics-Using SAS - Assignment Example These factors are not, however, explicitly correlated as poorer nations have been identified as potential future economies provided that health care expenditure is minimal. On the other hand, the consideration of education quality affects the level of economic output of the nation at hand. Hence, among the research questions that this exercise seeks to answer include â€Å"What is the relationship between education and population growth and the associated impacts? Additionally, the relationship between health expenditure and population growth provides room for analyzing the movement of resources to fund some sectors while others, which in differ in priority, are postponed. In order to understand that the economic theory provides insight into the aspect of whether related economic functions have any influence on the other. For instance, this section involves the use of Statistics Analysis Software (SAS) from which regression tests are performed to provide the desired information to respond to the research questions. By using regression analyses, the relationships between education and population, population and health, and education & health care. Alth ough the economic theory aims at solving economic dilemmas, it is also used to analyze the foreseeable dilemmas. For instance, one of the dilemmas that economic analysts have to deal with is the identification of opportunity costs when managing public funds. It is feared that situations that call for decisions that are almost equally sound, the implicit benefits may fall short of explicit benefits. Consider an economic situation in which the GDP is affected by the health expenditure. Data analyzed in this section considers population growth, education expenditure, and health expenditure of Argentina, Brazil, United States, Canada, Germany, France, India, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia as some of the major economies facing education and health expenditure issues (SchreiberWWII, 1). One among the
Friday, October 18, 2019
Flying Buttresses and Their Significance in the Structural System Essay
Flying Buttresses and Their Significance in the Structural System Utilized at the Notre Dame Cathedral - Essay Example Even though scholars mention the flying buttress in the late Gothic period, it was until the mid 19th century (1858) that Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Du, a French theorist and architect discussed in details its significance in buildings. Georg Ungerwitter later used graphic statistics towards the late 19th century devoting his effort to the role of flying buttress to the Gothic buildings. Notre Dame Cathedral located on eastern part of Ile de la Cite, Paris France, is the most notable and among the first Gothic buildings in the world to employ the flying buttress, according to Toker (31). This paper seeks to explore the structural significance of flying buttress in Notre Dame Cathedral. Flying Buttress Flying buttress, according to Dietsch, is a masonry structure consisting of a bar that inclines and carried a half arch extending from upper section of a wall to piers (7). Flying buttress mainly carries the vault or the roof and is mainly associated with the Gothic architecture. Flying buttress plays a crucial role in a building in the sense that it provides resistance to the lateral forces thrusting a wall outwards. In this case, flying buttress provides strong resistance by redirecting the lateral forces to the ground, notes Dietsch (8). ... The centering plays a crucial role of proving support to the weight of the building materials used on the walls such as stones, as well as maintain the arch’s shape until that time that the mortar dries up. Carpenters first construct the centering on the ground after which it is hoisted into position and tightened to the piers at both end of buttress. According to Dietsch, the centering is used as temporary flying buttress until the completion of the actual stone arch (9). Analysis of the use of flying buttress in the Notre Dame Cathedral Paris Kleiner claims that the Notre Dame Cathedral Paris is one of the most famous and among the first ever buildings of the Gothic era to use the flying buttress (468). Used as the Catholic diocese of Paris, Notre Dame Cathedral signifies the greatest example of the French Gothic architecture in the world. Kleiner reveals that the building was saved from the verge of collapse during the French Revolution by the French theorist and architect Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Du (468). The construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral spans the Gothic period. The structure of the building shows the great influence of naturalism seen in the manner its stained classes and sculptures are built. As earlier stated, Notre Dame Cathedral Paris was among the first buildings to employ flying buttress. According to Toker, the building was not originally designed to have flying buttress around the naves and choir (32). However, after the beginning of its construction, its thinner walls began growing higher. This created a lot of stress resulting in the development of fractures on the walls. To strengthen the walls and the entire structure, architects introduced flying buttress around the outside walls to provide support to the building structure
HRIS Implementation Plan in a middle-sized company Essay
HRIS Implementation Plan in a middle-sized company - Essay Example In many cases, errors occur when a person is entering data manually into databases. Data cleansing is thus crucial since some errors are unavoidable. However, automation of data like in the case of HRIS results in errors and intricacies that are not easily corrected. Additionally, attempts to locate and correct may result in complication of the problem. A good example is when dealing with data regarding the employees’ employment history, which is interrelated to other employment aspects such as pay rate and positions held. Attempts to make correction in one of the field might result in automatic alteration of data in other categories. To overcome this problem, it is important to implement an application that acts as an interphase between the different fields to enable data transfer from one database or application to another. This ensures that employees’ data entry is only done once and transferred across different databases without making alterations. Additionally, the application should be capable of linking employees’ data to the security profile to ensure that only the right people make changes on employe es’ data. Process 2 or tracking employee job performance entails enabling the HRIS system to evaluate employees more quickly and efficiently and creating a uniform system for employee system. It is important that managements define what performance is for the different job specifications. After 1determining performance, the organizations should set goals to direct the managers and employees. A salient factor that would jeopardize implementation of process two is unclear alignment of employee’s goals with the corporate culture and goals. To prevent this, the HR department should concur with the management to ensure the goals set are attainable. In some instances, the set goals are unrealistic and some employers end up blaming the employees for underperformance. It is thus important to
ODE Solver and Optimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
ODE Solver and Optimization - Essay Example Lately engineers have developed new algorithm design capable of reducing these damages due to earthquake in tall buildings. The new structures control techniques such as passive control system, active control system and semi active control system giving special importance on improvement of wind and seismic responses of buildings and bridges. The advantage of passive control systems is that it doesn’t require any power supply. Active control systems require external power supply and operate based on sensors which are attached within the structures (Attard, 2007). The new algorithm design is able to minimize potential damages out of control with tall story buildings. The algorithm is set through a gradient-based optimization approach that simultaneously controls all inter-story displacements in nonlinearly degrading buildings made of metal like steel. One key component of this algorithm lies on the use of optimal vicious dampers. The methodology and computation of the optimal damping ratios are done for each mode of vibration in a way that the sum of the errors between the inter-story displacements and the new calculated using the algorithm method is minimized. To find the size and location of the damper devices, a representative damping formulation is used where the members of the buildings are assumed to reduce exponentially according to a formulation of algorithm based model behavior of the strain property of hardened materials. The sensitive experiments of the algorithm design using different types of the story buildings show remarkable a bility of the model to reduce the errors in tall buildings. For example a ten story building and eight story were evaluated which showed that building were able to respond at significant higher modes of vibration. In the 8 story building, the vibrations are significantly reduced. However some modes remained over-damped with some remaining marginally damaged. For the 20-story, the algorithm is applied in
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting Essay
Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting - Essay Example The essay "Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting" discovers the Romantic and Modern Painting. Picasso was one of the artist who developed the kind of painting called abstract. In this style of painting, only selected qualities or characteristics of the subjects are used in the finished picture. the still life of a pitcher, candle and handled box on a table top rendered in rust orange, brown, blue, yellow, off-white, gray and black. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, a member of an artists group known as Die Brucke. They valued truthfulness more than clever techniques and in fact they often used deliberately rough ways of working, as if that were a proof of the strength of their Feelings. The group works on watercolors, drawings and woodcuts. Kirchner and the group can be measured by their extraordinary production. The rapid development of their personal styles was a result of their activity, including life, drawing and painting as well as the production of woodcuts, lithographs and dra wings. Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. ... He was nicknamed Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. . Romantic Painters Theodore Rousseau (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. Rousseau's paintings as embodiments of a new way of seeing the world, a new sense of the deep interconnectedness between the human and natural worlds that coincided with the earliest formulations of modern ecological thought. These techniques were very prevalent in Rousseau's art. Rousseau paints the solitary oak dominating a flat patch of pastureland. He sees the peculiar ragged cha racteristics of the gnarled branches, the coarse density of the oak foliage, the tufts, and clouds of the turf with pools of standing water like glass reflecting the sky. The grand compositions of this landscape are replaced by others that express the spontaneous and informal aspects of nature. This nature lover painter, saw the landscape in its quiet moods with fresh nave eyes. Cropsey and Hudson River School Despite a tendency toward harshness of colors, did notable paintings. Sunset, Hudson River is a rather odd marriage of a formulaic Hudson River School composition and this luminist style. In most luminist works the sunlight is evident only in the diffusing effects of its rays, but in this painting the setting sun is a palpable orb. One feels as if the strength of its light could not only diffuse
Difficult Campaign Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Difficult Campaign - Speech or Presentation Example I am the one who grew up and spent all of my life in this neighborhood. I went to the school not as famous and considered as one of the best institutions around town, like the one my opponent running for the mayor has attended. Instead, I attended local public school and then joined a state college to further my studies. It was a place where I learned my values from my two loving parents i.e. mother and father. This is a place where I learned that it’s not your name what matters but what you get done. This is the place that taught me that one usually gets more done if he is working with the people than fighting with them. Last but not the least, it also taught me that one should always be prepared to bring a real difference in people’s lives by taking on tough fights and challenges and that is what matters the most. I would like to announce that if I am elected as a mayor, I will seize this opportunity to address the challenges of this hometown. I will try my best to re vamp the education system. Having worked with children, I personally feel that education system is the most important area to focus upon and to work hard for its improvement. I have also noticed that many of our school teachers are leaving and I believe it is because the high cost of living that is driving them away as they are not able to cope up with high living standards as compared to others. Moreover, there are other challenges too, for instance, increased traffic in our hometown is one of the most distressing problems as it makes difficult to get around. Therefore, if I am elected as a mayor, I will fix this problem and green technology can then lead the way. I will also try to install trolley rails around town going to and from popular places in our town. I will further try to make transport easier for the tourists and commuters by providing them with â€Å"rent-a-bike†stations for using bikes which will be located throughout the town. Not only this, but ferry service would also be provided to ease transportation. My Dad accomplished many things in his career and throughout his life and accomplishments, I learned something fundamental from him i.e. public service matters and people matters therefore value people! I am always very proud of my family name and my father’s legacy. However, this does not mean that I will stand for a Mayor on my father’s abilities but, I stand for Mayor based on the record of services that I provided to the people of Eugene Oregon. When it comes to my personal record, I have been arrested once for possession of a pot but was released later without trial for lack of evidence. However, this is all part of a life’s journey and is laced with ups and downs. At present, I have become well to do through part ownership of a used car lot and a chain of hair dressing. Furthermore, I have five times been selected by the people of this town for two of the most important offices in this town i.e. Town Attorney and Chief Fiscal Officer. Both jobs have prepared me in a unique way for the job I seek today. I believe I have the perfect experience where it counts the most. I am proud of my record but I still think that I am not done yet. There are still many goals and challenges to be tackled and worked upon, and as a Mayor I will keep on offering new ideas. However, we can work together on the issues we are currently facing in Eugene Oregon. We CAN improve our education systems and we CAN reduce traffic to make this town a better place to live. I
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting Essay
Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting - Essay Example The essay "Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting" discovers the Romantic and Modern Painting. Picasso was one of the artist who developed the kind of painting called abstract. In this style of painting, only selected qualities or characteristics of the subjects are used in the finished picture. the still life of a pitcher, candle and handled box on a table top rendered in rust orange, brown, blue, yellow, off-white, gray and black. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, a member of an artists group known as Die Brucke. They valued truthfulness more than clever techniques and in fact they often used deliberately rough ways of working, as if that were a proof of the strength of their Feelings. The group works on watercolors, drawings and woodcuts. Kirchner and the group can be measured by their extraordinary production. The rapid development of their personal styles was a result of their activity, including life, drawing and painting as well as the production of woodcuts, lithographs and dra wings. Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. ... He was nicknamed Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. . Romantic Painters Theodore Rousseau (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. Rousseau's paintings as embodiments of a new way of seeing the world, a new sense of the deep interconnectedness between the human and natural worlds that coincided with the earliest formulations of modern ecological thought. These techniques were very prevalent in Rousseau's art. Rousseau paints the solitary oak dominating a flat patch of pastureland. He sees the peculiar ragged cha racteristics of the gnarled branches, the coarse density of the oak foliage, the tufts, and clouds of the turf with pools of standing water like glass reflecting the sky. The grand compositions of this landscape are replaced by others that express the spontaneous and informal aspects of nature. This nature lover painter, saw the landscape in its quiet moods with fresh nave eyes. Cropsey and Hudson River School Despite a tendency toward harshness of colors, did notable paintings. Sunset, Hudson River is a rather odd marriage of a formulaic Hudson River School composition and this luminist style. In most luminist works the sunlight is evident only in the diffusing effects of its rays, but in this painting the setting sun is a palpable orb. One feels as if the strength of its light could not only diffuse
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
English Literature - Essay Example According to Homer, Agamemnon takes Chrysies, daughter of chryses, who was the priest of Apollo. The Achaean commander Agamemnon threatens chryses for pleading with him to return his daughter exchange for a reward. Chryses returns to Apollo and begs him to be vengeful to Agamemnon. Apollo strikes back with a plague that killed men and animals on the land as a way of revenge Achilles relationship is also seen where he convinces Agamemnon to return Chryses daughter. Achilles is rewarded for returning chrysies daughter but Agamemnon decides to take away Achilles prize Briseis which makes Achilles angered and want to kill the king (Lawall and Mack). Athena a god stops Achilles before he kills the king. Achilles argument with Agamemnon provokes him not to fight for the Achaeans and sits back to watch his fellow warriors being attacked by Hector the Trojan warrior. The relationship of Achilles and his fellow warriors is reflective when he sits back while his fellow warriors were killed at the battle field and his friend Patroclus is killed. Question 2 Odyssey is a Greek warrior who was mighty, brave, intelligent, cautious, and courageous. According to homer, Odyssey reveals his courageous trait when he escapes from Polyphemus by stabbing him with a pole. Odyssey being a courageous man was a good influence to his fellow warriors. According to the Greek culture leaders who possessed Odysseys traits where highly honored for their good leader ship skills. Odyssey is also a cautious warrior in that he hesitates before taking any action that would endanger the lives of his fellow warriors. According to Homer, Odyssey in countless encounters he has saved the lives of his fellow warriors and also the his family. When he disguises himself to look like a beggar was cautious action for him to save his wife from the suitors and waited for right time to reveal him to the suitors. Odyssey was also cautious when he realized the intentions of the suitors to kill his son Telemachus ( Lawall and Mack 77). Odyssey has also overcome many temptations in the situation where he overcomes the temptation of the lotus plant. Odyssey and his fellow men after arriving at the Cyclop Island were tempted to eat the leaves of the lotus plant. The plant affects their minds and makes the warriors to forget their family and return journey home. Odyssey realizes the effect of the plant on the men he reverses the effect with apportion hence saving the life of his men. Odyssey also evades temptation of Calypso when she tries to hold him captive his will to return home to his family is heard by the gods who come to his rescue. Odyssey’s shows affinity to the Greek people, family, and his fellow warriors. His will to return home from Calypso Island to his wife and son shows he was loving and affection for his family. Odyssey also shows affinity to his fellow warriors by joining them in the war against the enemies. His courageous, bravery and war tactics can be related to presen t day films such as Rambo where Sylvester Stallone is the hero. Question 3 The ancient Greeks had a religious background where they believed in beliefs, rituals and practices. According to Homer, the Greeks would make offerings to the gods to help them during the wars. In the epic story of Achilles, the Greeks offered sacrifices to the gods during the war with Trojan warriors. The Greece had had a ruling class Basileis where the rulers of Ancient Greece. These rulers had a variety of roles with the main one serving the people as kings and judges. In the epic
Monday, October 14, 2019
The Foreign Exchange Market
The Foreign Exchange Market The foreign exchange market is the market where one currency is traded for another. This market is somewhat similar to the over the counter market in securities. The trading in currencies is usually accomplished over the telephone or through the telex. With direct dialing telephone service anywhere in the word, foreign exchange markets have become truly global in the sense that currency transactions now require only a single telephone call and take place twenty four hours per day. The different monetary centers are connected by a telephone network and video screens and are in constant contact with one another, thus forming a single international foreign exchange market. However, the currencies and the extent of the participation of each currency in this market depend on local regulations, which vary form country to country. Chapter 1 deals with the introduction and conceptual framework of foreign exchange market in India. It also deals with the structure of Indian Forex Market. Chapter 2 deals with the literature review of organization and regulation of forex market as well as management of exchange risk, exchange rate mechanism. Chapter 3 deals with the methodology adopted in the research process outlining the objectives of the study, methods of data collection and limitations faced while conducting the study. Chapter 4 deals with the data analysis of the foreign exchange market in India. It covers the long term and short term factors which account to the problems. Chapter 5 deals with the conclusion, recommendations and future prospects of forex market in India. Chapter1 Conceptual Framework of forex Market Theory of Foreign exchange The term foreign exchange is normally used to denote foreign currency surrendered or asked for in any of its current forms, i.e. a currency note or a negotiable instrument or transfer of funds through cable or mail transfer or a letter of credit transaction requiring sale and purchase of foreign exchange or conversion of one currency into another, either at the local center or an overseas center. The banks, dealing in for exchange and providing facilities for conversion of one currency into another or vice versa are known as Authorized Dealers or Dealers in Foreign Exchange. A bank is said to buy or sell foreign exchange when it handles the claims drawn in foreign currency or the actual legal tender money, i.e., foreign currency notes and coins of other countries. The theory of Foreign exchange covers different means and methods by which the claims expressed in terms of one currency are converted into another currency and specifically deal with the rates at which such conversion takes place. With partial or complete exchange control, as exercised by countries since World War II exchange markets are no longer free. Exchange rates today are not entirely determined by market forces but are officially fixed and maintained by Central Monetary Authorities. Fluctuations in exchange rates are permitted by authorities only within narrow limits,. And official rates often very different to what they would be if natural forces were allowed to operate. Forex Markets The foreign exchange market, like the market for any other commodity, comprises of buyers and sellers of foreign currencies. The operations in the foreign exchange market originate in the requirements of customers for making remittances to and receiving them from other countries. But the bulk of transactions take place among banks dealing in foreign exchange for their own requirements as they do cover operations. Banks undertake large and frequent deals with other banks through the agency of Exchange Brokers, and it is these deals which give the market its significance. In addition, there are other transactions which take place in the foreign exchange market. All transactions of the exchange market may be divided into five categories: Transactions between banks and their customers. Transactions between different banks in the same centre. Dealings between banks in a country and their correspondents, and overseas branches. The purchase and sale of currencies between the central bank of a country and the commercial banks. The transactions of the central banks of one country, with central banks of other countries. There is not much difference between one market and another as far as the international transaction between markets at different centres is concerned. But local dealings, among members of the same market are organized in two different forms. One of them is the pattern adopted in Great Britain, U.S. A. and some other countries, where foreign exchange dealers never meet each other but transact business through a network of telephone lines linking the banks, with exchange brokers who act as intermediaries. In India also the foreign exchange market is organized on these lines. The other type is the markets in countries of Western Europe, where the dealers in Foreign exchange meet on every working day at a meeting place for business proposals-They fix the exchange rates for certain kind of business particularly with-customers. The foreign exchange markets in these countries are like commodity exchange or stock exchange. However, the global important of these markets, is comparatively smal l. Indian Foreign Exchange Market The Indian foreign exchange market, broadly concentrated in big cities, is a three-tier market. The first tier covers the transactions between the Reserve Bank and Authorized Dealers (Ads). As per the Foreign Regulation Act, the responsibility and authority of foreign exchange administration is vested with the RBI. It is the apex body in this area and for its own convenience, has delegated its responsibility of foreign exchange transaction functions to Ads, primarily the scheduled commercial banks. They have formed the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India which framers rules regarding the conduct of business, coordinates with the RBI in the proper administration of foreign exchange control and acts as a clearing house for information among Ads. Besides the commercial banks, there are money- changers operating on the periphery. They are well-established firms and hotels doing this business under license from the RBI. In the first tier of the market, the RBI buys and sells for eign currency from and to Ads according to the exchange control regulations in force from time to time. Prior to the introduction of the Liberalized Exchange Management System, Ads had to sell foreign currency acquired by them from the primary market at rates administered by the RBI. The latter too sold pounds sterling or US dollars, spot as well as forward, to Ads to cover the latters primary market requirements. But with the unified exchange rate system, the RBI now intervenes in the market to stabilize the value of the rupee. The second of the market is the inter-bank market where Ads transaction business among themselves. They normally do their business within the country, but they can transact business also with overseas bank in order to cover their own position. Through they can do it independently, they do it normally through a recognized broker. The brokers are not allowed to execute any deals on their own account or for the purpose of jobbing. Within the country, the inter-bank transactions can be both sport and forwards. These may be swap transactions. Any permitted currency can be sued. But while dealing with the overseas Ads, because the Indian market lacks depth in other currencies; the Indian banks can deal mainly in two currencies, viz, the US branches must cover only genuine transactions relating to a customer in India or for the purpose of adjusting or squaring the banks own position. Forward trading with overseas banks is also allowed if it is done for the above two purpose, that is for cov ering genuine transactions or for squaring the currency position, and does not exceed a period of six months. In case the import is made on deferred payment terms and the period exceeds six months, permission has to be obtained from the RBI. Cancellation of forward contracts is allowed in India, although it has to be referred to the RBI. Previously, the banks used to get the forward transactions covered with the RBI, but since 1994-95 the RBI has stopped giving this cover and has permitted the banks to trade freely in the forward market. Cancellation of a forward contract involves entering into a reverse transaction at the going rate. Suppose US $1,000 was bough forward on 1 February for three months at Rs. 40/US $. On 1 March, it is cancelled involving selling the US dollar at the rate prevalent on this day. If the exchange rate on 1 March is Rs. 39.50/US $ there will be a loss of Rs. 500 (the dollar sold for Rs. 39.5 minus dollar bought at Rs. 40.00). The loss is borne by the customer. If the value of the US dollar is greater on the cancellation day, the customer shall reap the profit. The third tier of the foreign exchange market is represented by the primary market where Ads transact in foreign currency with the customers. The very existence of this tier is the outcome of the legal provision that all foreign exchange transactions of the Indian residents must take place through Ads. The tourists exchange currency, exporters and importers exchange currency, and all these transactions come under the primary market Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Organization And Regulation of Forex Market The Foreign Exchange department, which is also being called as the International Banking Division, is one of the important departments of the banks operating in international market. In India also all scheduled commercial banks, both in the nationalized or non-nationalized sectors, do have Foreign Exchange departments, both at their principal offices as well as offices, in metropolitan centers. This department functions independently under the overall change of some senior executive or a senior officer well-versed in foreign exchange operations as well as in the rules and regulations in force from time to time pertaining to foreign exchange transactions advised by various government agencies. The principal function of a Foreign exchange department is to handle foreign inward remittances as well as outward remittances; buying and selling of foreign currencies, handling and forwarding of import and export documents and giving the consultancy services to the exporters and importers. Besides this, the department also gives the financial assistance in relation to the foreign trade, i.e., it gives assistance to the exporters by way of financing the exports and imports by giving them the financial assistance to clear the consignments or open a letter of credit. The department issues letters of credit for their importer clients and handles letters of credit received from overseas correspondents in favour of exporters from India. Issuance of Performance and the Bid Bond guarantees and tender document is also one of the important functions of the banks that are dealing I foreign exchange. In India, the banks doing foreign exchange business are issued a license to this effect by the Reserve Bank of India under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. No bank, not having such license to deal in foreign exchange, can handle foreign exchange operations. Besides Authorized Dealers, licenses are also issued to the Dealers with limited powers to change foreign currency notes, coins and travellers cheques. Such licensees are known as Authorized Money Changers. 2.1 Organisation of A Foreign Exchange Department The foreign exchange department of a medium or large sized-bank can be divided into various department and sections such department are locked after by a senior person not lower than the category of a branch manager having both administrative and operational know-how as well as discretionary powers for advances required from time to time by the clients. The in charge of the department functions independently within the overall framework laid down by the Management of the bank. The in charge is assisted in hid day-to-day work by a team of officers, and workmen. One of the important functions of the Foreign exchange department, beside banking operations, is to maintain liaison and correspondence relations with overseas banks who may be their correspondents. SECTION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT The Foreign exchange department is divided into number of sections, each one equally important and looked after by one officer or a department head. A particular section can be sub-divided into sub-section with specific duties allotted. The sections in Foreign exchange department can be broadly stated as under: 1. Dealers Section This section is the nerve of the foreign exchange department as the exchange rates are computed and advised by this section. The exchange rates are the on a foreign exchange and so any incorrect fixation of rates (price) will turn the profits of the bank into losses and instead of earning from the foreign exchange transactions, the bank may keep on losing. This section is headed by an officer who is called a Dealer. In the morning, before the banking hours begin, the exchange rates of various currencies are computed. The rates are computed on the basis of certain fixed principles which may by either market quotations or any such approved channel. In India, the Dealer works out the exchange rates on cross rate method based on the sterling rate schedule fixed and advised by FEDAI vis-à -vis the previous days closing rates in London market. This department calculates and advised both the ready rates as well as forward rates as and when requested. Besides rate computation, it also look s after the foreign currency accounts of the bank and supervises the balancing position in foreign currency accounts maintained abroad. It also controls the exchange position of the department and reconciles the various entries put forth by other sections both for buying as well as selling of foreign exchange. In addition, the section also calculates and tabulates the statistical data required by the principal office of the bank concerned, as well as the Exchange Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India. Such statistics prepared by the bank are to be reported to the authorities on the prescribed forms at the prescribed intervals. This data is very essential and of prime important as the Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments position is arrived at only from the statistics provided by the banks. From the data available from the banks even the import policy is formed and other fiscal measure adopted by the monetary authorities from time to time depend. This section can be further sub-divided into following subsections: Rate calculation and advising Forward Exchange contracts Foreign currency Accounts Exchange position and control, and Reconciliation of Foreign Currency Accounts. 2. Foreign Remittances Section This section deals with the inward and outward remittances received in the country and sent outside, both on behalf of the transactions taken up by residents and non-residents. Foreign remittances are carried out in the form of cable transfers, mail transfers, demand drafts, travelers cheques and payment instructions by letters. All these forms are widely used both for inward remittances as well as outward remittances. The officer of this particular department has to be quite well-versed with various regulations in force from time to time and the amendments thereto as strict exchange control regulations are prevailing specially in case of outward remittances in developing and underdeveloped countries, due to the adverse balance of payments position, depleting foreign exchange reserves, and available resources required to meet with development programmes and national exigencies. This department also keeps Test Key arrangements used for transmitting the instructions by cable, as in cab le transfers no signature of the remitting bank is possible. So messages are computed with a particular number known as code or cipher. This code or cipher is recomputed at the other centre on the basis of the test arrangements exchanged between the two banks. In foreign exchange, whatever the reason may be irrespective of the amount, the entire gamut is focused around the inward and outward remittances and so this section is of prime importance. The remittances are converted into local currency in case of inward remittances and in foreign currency in case of outward remittances at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of each transaction or a forward exchange rate if exchange rate if exchange is already booked earlier. So, the remittance department has to keep a close contact with Dealers section, both for getting the rates and also advising them the funds position which changes from time to time due to the remittances flowing in either direction. 3. Import Section Import section can be sub-divided into import letters of credit both opening and payment thereof, issue of Bid guarantees, performance guarantees and guarantees to Government agencies for release of import consignment, import documents received on collection basis and imports on consignment basis. Import section has to keep in touch with latest developments in international markets as well as the rules and regulations in force in various centres to take up the import business at right earnest without violating the rules and regulations. Both in developing and developed countries, there are Import and Export Trade Control Regulations and such regulations are enforced through a licensing procedure. Hence the Import section has to take care of the Import Trade Control Regulations as well as Exchange Control Regulations before allowing import transactions to be put through. 4. Export Section The section deals with various exchange operations arising out of export trade. The principal functions of this sub-section are: Advising and confirming letters of credit received from abroad: Extending financial assistance to exporters as and when required. Acting as an agent for collection on behalf of the clients; Negotiation of export bills drawn under letters of Credit whereby the dealer acts as an agent of overseas bank and facilitates smooth function/operation of international trade; and Acting as an authorized channel appointed by Central Banking Authority to receive the export proceeds. 5. Statistics Section This section collects the sales and purchase figures from various departments along with necessary exchange control forms, tabulates then and submits a periodical report by way of statements and returns to the Exchange Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India under whose authority it operates. This reports is also being submitted from time to time in one form or the other to the head office of the concerned bank to enable it to compile the overall position of the foreign exchange preferably of the bank as a whole. 2.2 Exchange Regulation in India Exchange Control Regulations were first introduced in our country on 3rd September, 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. The control was introduced under the guidelines of Bank of England and also as a measure under the Defence of India rules to conserve and augment the foreign exchange resources of India to meet the defence requirements for Britishers. It primary objective was to conserve the foreign exchange resources, which needed to be diversified due to changed circumstances. It was initially introduced as a temporary device to meet the emergency situation arisen due to Second World War. In May, 1944 the Defence of India Rules were lifted and all emergency provisions promulgated during the Defence of India Rules were ineffective. But the Government of India was not in a position to lift the Exchange Control Regulations due to the strain on the sterling balances; The Exchange Control Regulations were kept alive under a new law named as Emergency Provisions Continuance Act of 1994. The Exchange Control was put on a permanent Statute and the First Foreign Exchange Regulations Act came into existence on 25th March, 1947 as a full fledged foreign Exchange Regulations Act. The system of control adopted in 1947 was structurally identical to provisions laid down in 1939 at the inception of the control, but important changes in detail were introduced in FERA 1947 to meet the specific requirements of the situation and to protect the interests of independent India. The Foreign Exchange Regulations Act (FERA) of 1947 has now been replaced by the FERA, 1973. Basic structure of the Exchange Control Regulations is till not very much divergent that the earlier ones, but keeping in view the economic conditions and balance of payments positions, certain new provisions have been included and the control has been made more comprehensive. Under the Act of 1973, the Authorized Dealers have been given wider powers for releasing foreign exchange to the residents in India and a strict view has been taken of the non-resident interests. I) BROAD FEATURES OF EXCHANGE CONTROL There is an elaborate machinery to enforce Exchange Control Regulations in our country. The machinery comprises of the controller of the Exchange Control department of the Reserve Bank of India at the helm of affairs, which in turn has empowered the Banks dealing in foreign exchange to deal with general public for their foreign exchange requirements. This authority enforces the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and has the powers to deal with any infringement or violation of the provisions of the Act. II) THE FERA AND THE EXCHANGE CONTROL MANUAL All the provisions of the FERA have been transcribed in the banking terminology by the Reserve Bank of India to facilitate the day to day transactions between Reserve Bank, between the various dealers and the general public. Exchange control in India is administered by the Reserve Bank of India in accordance with the general policy laid down by the Union Government in consultation with the Reserve Bank. The Bank has an Exchange Control Department which is entrusted with this functions. Under the system, the Reserve Bank is authorized to license export of gold, silver, currency notes, securities, and a variety of other transactions involving the sue of foreign exchange. For foreign exchange transactions, which the general public conducts with the authorized dealers in foreign exchange, the Reserve Bank of India has laid down general instructions for the guidance of the latter. The directions cover all transactions relating to imports and exports, foreign travel payments, family maintenance remittances by foreign nationals, transfers of investment income, capital transfers by foreign and Indian Nationals and other invisible items. Some of these transactions particularly those pertaining to capital transfers, have to be referred by the authorized dealers to the Reserve Bank for its prior approval. Some remittances may, however, be made by the authorized dealers without prior approval of the Reserve Bank, such as those for foreign Nationals seeking to remit a part of their, earnings for the maintenance of their families abroad, provided the amounts are within limits specified by the Reserve Bank. The institutional framework of the exchange control system also compromised of a special machinery for enforcement and for dealing with any infringements of the provisions of the Act. The function is entrusted to the Directorate of Enforcement attached to the Union Ministry of Finance. The directorate deals with offenders who violate the control provisions and is authorized to take punitive action. It is also empowered to adjudicate in certain cases of infringement. III) Purchases and Sales by Authorized Dealers Authorized dealers purchase and sell foreign currencies in accordance with the regulations. Purchase: They purchase T.Ts., M.Ts., drafts, bill etc., freely from banks and the general public. The receipt of remittances from any country is free and banks are, therefore allowed to purchase freely. Purchase of foreign currencies is also done from their overseas branches and correspondents for the purpose of making rupee payments into non-resident accounts in India and also for making payments to residents. The authorized dealers and authorized moneychangers purchase foreign currency notes, coins, and travellers, cheques from travellers coming from abroad. The amounts purchased are endorsed on the reverse of the customs stamped currency declaration forms of the travellers. Foreign currency notes and coins are also purchased from other authorized dealers and money changers. Sales; Sales of foreign currency are made by authorized dealers subject to control regulations. No remittances may be made to countries advised from time to time and no transactions may be carried out with persons, firms or banks residents in those countries. For the purpose of sales persons, firms, and banks residents in Nepal are treated as non- residents. 2.3 Exchange Rate Mechanism in India India is a founder member of the IMF. It followed the fixed parity system till the early 1970s as a result which the value of the rupee in terms of gold was originally fixed as the equivalent of 0.268601 gram of fine gold. In view of Indias long economic and political relations with England and membership of the sterling area from September 1939 to June 1972, the rupee was pegged to the pound sterling. The exchange rate was thus remained unchanged but the gold content of the rupee fell to 0.186621 gram. Again, with the devaluation of the Indian rupee in June 1996 the gold content fell further to 0.118489 gram. The following year, the pound was also devalued. This devaluation did have an impact on the rupee pound link, but the rupee was kept stable in terms of the pound. The latter continued as an intervention currency. In August 1971 when the system of fixed parity was under a cloud, the rupee was briefly pegged to the US dollar at Rs. 7.50/US $ and this continued till December 1971. The peg to the dollar was not very effective as the pound sterling remained to continue as the intervention currency. In December 1971, the rupee returned to the sterling peg at a parity of Rs. 18.9677/ £ with of course , a margin of  ±2.2 S percent. After the Smithsonian arrangement had failed and the pound had began to float, the rupee tended to depreciate. The reserve Bank then had to delink it from the pound sterling in September 1975 and link it with a basket of five currencies; but the pound sterling was retained as the intervention currency for fixing the external value of the rupee. The weight of different currencies forming the basket remained confidential and the exchange rate continued to be administered. The administered rate did not keep pace with the growing rate of inflation and this resulted in a widening gap between the real and the nominal exchange rates that was more evident during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Thus, when economic reforms were initiated in the country, the rupee was depreciated by around 20 percent in two successive instalments in the first weeks of July 1991. In absolute terms, depreciation occurred from Rs. 21.201/US $ to Rs. 25.80 /US $ From March 1992 a dual exchange rate system was introduced, in terms of which 40 percent of export earnings were to be converted at the official exchange rate prescribed by the Reserve Bank and the remaining 60 percent were to be converted at market determined rates. The US dollar was he intervention currency. From March 1993 the receipts on merchandise trade account and some of the items of invisible trade account came to be convertible entirely at the market determined rates on all items of current account. The adoption of the unified exchange rate system form March 1993 means adoption of a floating-rate regime, but it is a managed floating and the reserve Bank of India intervenes in the foreign exchange market in order to influence the value of the rupee. In the first two years, the value of the rupee remained stable but the onward, it has been depreciating despite RBIs intervention. 2.4 Management of Exchange Risk Risk Hedging tools in Forex Market In recent years financial markets have developed many new products whose popularity has become phenomenal. Measured in terms of trading volume, the growth of these products principally futures and options has confused traditional investors. Although active markets in futures and options contracts for physicals commodities have only recently attracted Internet. Multinational Companies normally use the spot and forward markets for international transactions. They also use currency futures, currency options, and currency futures options for various corporate functions. While speculators trade currencies in these three markets for profit, multilingual companies use them to cover open positions in foreign currencies. 2.4 (a) Forward contract Forward Exchange Forward exchange is a device to protect traders against risk arising out of fluctuations in exchange rates. A trader, who has to make or receive payment in foreign currency at the end of a given period, may find at the time of payment or receipt that the foreign currency has appreciated or depreciated. Ifthe currency moves down or gets depreciated the trader will be att a loss as he will get lesser units of home currency for a given amount of foreign currency, which he was holding. Similarly, an importer, who was contracted to make payment of a given amount in pound sterling at the end of a given period, may find that at the time of payment, the rupee sterling rate is higher. He would then have to pay more in rupees than what it would have been at the time when the contract was made. To protect traders against such risks of appreciation and getting lesser amount of home currency, there is a device in exchange market of booking forward exchange contracts. The emergence of forward exchange contracts has been due to the rate fluctuations and possible losses that the traders might have to suffer in their foreign exchange business. The forward exchange transaction is an umbrella which gives protection to the dealers against the adverse movement of exchange rates. The forward exchange market in fact came into existence when the exchange rates were highly unstable following the abandonment of the gold standard by most of the countries at the end of first and Second World Wars. There are other means of taking care of the risks of the adverse effects of the exchange rate fluctuations such as including the Escalation Clause in the sale and purchase contracts entered between the buyers and sellers or fixing a parity rate between the home currency and foreign currency and an y variation in the fixed parity entered into between the importers and exporters, the exchange risks will be passed on as per the terms of the contract. Escalation clause is more adaptable in contracts amounting to a very large volume,. especially in contracts entered into on deferred payment terms. Forward Exchange Contracts Under option forward exchange contracts, the customers has an option to receive or deliver the contract
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Essay --
The start of any evolutionary story told about us lies within the origin of the eukaryote cell. This remarkable event consisted of a revolution of cell type matched in momentousness by the arrival on the biological scene of the prokaryote (O’Malley). Bacteria had a couple billion years head start on eukaryotes and have given rise to many biochemical processes that are essential to the ecosystem (Wernergreen). One organism living within another defines endosymbiosis. Nobody can say the exact origin of the eukaryote cell. The endosymbiosis theory dates back to the earliest 20th century and devotion to different models of its origins is strong and adamant (O’Malley). This theory was developed from the combined efforts of many different researchers. Together, Konstantin Mereschkowsky, Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis are the main researchers whom coined the term â€Å"symbiogenesis†referring to the long term, or permanent physical association between â€Å"differently named partners†(taxa), or the genesis of new species through the merging of two or more existing species (Margulis). Endosymbiosis and symbiogenesis define hypothetical theories thought to justify the origin of species in addition to the processes of natural selection and random mutation. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky and Lynn Margulis, who very much admired Kozo-Polyansky’s work, both believed symbiogenesis was the major source of innovation for evolution (Margulis). The most well known of the first speculations about the origin of organelles, was Mereschkowsky. He primarily studied the chloroplast and was the first to suggest they were obtained initially from unicellular organisms that had been â€Å"enslaved†as endosymbionts. However, his theory was turned ... ...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into being about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cyanobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the ancestor of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protected as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)